20 10 property management comprehensive ability test center: building structure

The fourth quarter building structure

First, the basic composition of civil buildings

The building is mainly composed of six parts: foundation, wall or column, floor, stairs, roof, doors and windows.

In addition, in addition to the basic components, a building also has some facilities necessary for people's lives, such as awnings, steps, balconies and so on. These are called accessory components.

(1) basis

The foundation is the lowest load-bearing component of the building, which bears all the loads transmitted by the superstructure of the building and transmits these loads to the foundation together with its own weight.

(2) Wall or column

Wall or column is the load-bearing and enclosure component of the building, which bears the loads from the roof and floor, and transfers these loads to the foundation together with its own weight.

The outer wall and the roof together form the shell of the whole house.

Interior walls are used to separate indoor space.

Columns generally play a load-bearing role.

(3) Floor floor

Floor slab is the bearing member and partition member in the horizontal direction of the building. The floor bears the loads acting on it, and transfers these loads to the wall or column together with its own weight, and also plays a horizontal supporting role for the wall.

The ground directly bears all kinds of service loads, which are directly transferred to the foundation together with its own weight.

(4) stairs

(5) Roof

The roof is the enclosure and load-bearing component at the top of the building, which bears all the loads of the roof and transfers these loads to the walls or columns.

(6) Doors and windows

Doors and windows are non-load-bearing members.

Second, the foundation and foundation

The foundation is an inseparable part of the building.

The foundation is the soil layer under the foundation, not a part of the building.

Third, the wall

(a) type of wall

1. According to the position and direction of the wall.

(1) According to the position of the wall, it is divided into external wall and internal wall. The outer wall is also called the peripheral retaining wall.

(2) According to the direction of the wall, it can be divided into longitudinal wall and transverse wall. The lateral wall on the outside is usually called gable.

2. Classification according to stress

(1) In masonry buildings, walls are divided into bearing walls and non-bearing walls according to structural stress.

Load-bearing wall: directly bear the load transmitted from the floor and roof.

Non-load-bearing wall: it does not bear external load and can be divided into self-load-bearing wall and partition wall.

Self-supporting wall: only bear its own weight and transfer it to the foundation.

Partition wall: only bear its own weight and transfer it to the floor.

(2) In the frame structure, the wall does not bear the vertical external load, but the self-weight is borne by the frame, and the wall only acts as a partition, which is called the frame infilled wall.

(3) In the seismic structure, according to whether the wall has the ability to resist lateral seismic force, it can be divided into rigid wall and non-rigid wall.

3. Classification by material and structure.

Divided into: solid wall, hollow wall and composite wall.

Solid wall: composed of a single material.

Hollow wall: made of a single material, built into the internal cavity.

(3) Brick wall structure

2. Footing structure

Footing: refers to the indoor wall below the ground and above the foundation. Both internal and external walls have footings, and footings of external walls are also called footings.

(1) moisture-proof wall

There are three common construction methods for wall moistureproof layer:

(1) waterproof mortar moistureproof layer;

② Fine stone concrete moistureproof layer;

(3) coil moistureproof layer.

4. Door and window hole structure

(1) lintel structure for doors and windows

The lintel is used to support the load weight of the wall on the door and window openings, and the lintel on the load-bearing wall also supports the floor load. Lintels are load-bearing members.

According to different materials and construction methods, lintels are:

① Reinforced concrete lintel; (2) Flat arch brick lintel; (3) reinforced brick lintel.

(4) Ring beam and constructional column

The role of ring beam and constructional column: enhance the overall stiffness of the house, improve the ability to resist deformation and improve the seismic capacity of the house.

(5) Partition wall

Partition wall: divide the house into different use spaces according to different use needs.

The partition is not load-bearing. Therefore, the partition wall should meet the requirements of light weight, thin thickness, sound insulation, fire prevention, moisture prevention and easy disassembly.

Commonly used partition walls are: block partition wall, light skeleton partition wall, light plate partition wall, assembled integral plate partition wall and so on.

(6) Deformation joint

There are three kinds of deformation joints: expansion joints, settlement joints and seismic joints.

Expansion joint: the joint of a building caused by the change of external temperature.

Settlement joint: the joint of a building due to the influence of uneven settlement of foundation.

Seismic joint: the joint of a building affected by earthquake.

(7) Interior and exterior decoration of the wall

Wall decoration is divided into indoor decoration and outdoor decoration. Exterior wall decoration is called exterior decoration, and interior wall decoration is called interior decoration.

Common decoration practices are: plastering, painting, pasting and pasting.

Fourth, the floor strata

Floor layer includes floor layer and floor layer. The two surfaces are the same; Different structural layers:

(1) The structural layer of the floor slab is a floor slab, which has functional requirements such as sound insulation;

(2) The bottom structure layer is cushion, and the bottom layer has moisture-proof requirements.

(1) floor

1. Basic composition of floor slab

The floor usually consists of three parts: the surface, the floor and the ceiling. In modern multi-storey buildings, it is often necessary to lay various additional layers such as pipes, waterproofing, sound insulation and heat preservation.

2. Design requirements of floor slab

(1) The floor has sufficient bearing capacity and rigidity;

(2) Meet the requirements of sound insulation, fire prevention and thermal engineering;

(3) Meet the requirements of building economy.

3. Floor type

According to the different materials used, common floors are divided into: wooden floor, reinforced concrete floor, steel-concrete composite floor and so on.

2) Grounding

The ground includes a first floor and a second floor.

2. Ground classification

The ground is divided into:

(1) Overall ground (cement mortar ground, fine stone concrete ground, cast-in-place terrazzo ground);

(2) Paving the ground (prefabricated terrazzo floor, natural (artificial) slate floor, wood floor, etc. );

(3) Paste the floor (plastic carpet, rubber carpet, etc. );

(4) Coated floor (floor formed by various polymer synthetic coatings).

Verb (abbreviation for verb) balcony and sunshade

In high-grade buildings, awnings made of light materials such as aluminum plate and grid structure have developed rapidly in recent years.

Seven, doors and windows

At present, the materials used in doors and windows are: wood, steel, aluminum alloy, plastic, glass and so on.

The form of doors and windows mainly depends on the opening mode of doors and windows: horizontal door, spring door, sliding door, folding door, revolving door and rolling door;

Eight, the roof

(A) the basic types of roofs

Due to the different supporting structures and building planes, flat roofs, sloping roofs, curved roofs, zigzag roofs and folding roofs have been formed.

According to the different materials used, the common roof types are:

(1) tile roof;

(2) corrugated tile roof;

(3) Flat metal roof.

A roof with a slope below 10% is called a flat roof.

A roof with a slope of 10% ~ 100% is called a sloping roof.

(2) Roof waterproofing

Waterproof methods are:

(1) coiled material waterproof roof;

(2) coating waterproof roof;

(3) Rigid waterproof roof.

(3) Flat roof drainage mode

The drainage methods of flat roof are divided into organized drainage and unorganized drainage.

Organized drainage is divided into external drainage and internal drainage.

Internal drainage is mostly used in multi-span houses, high-rise buildings and buildings with special needs. Other buildings should give priority to external drainage.