Which country is richer, Zimbabwe, Mozambique or Namibia? Which country has a high level of industrialization?

Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe) is a landlocked country in southern Africa. Zimbabwe's old name before 1980 was Rhodesia, which originated from the imperialist Cecil John Rhodes, who established a colonial country for Britain in this area. Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, formerly known as Salisbury, is a trade distribution center established by Rhodes in 1890.

geography

Geographically, Victoria Falls, Zambezi River, Kariba Dam in the upper reaches of Zambezi River and Kariba Lake, which are located in the inland of southeast Africa, constitute the northern border of Zimbabwe and are adjacent to Zambia. Zimbabwe borders Mozambique in the east, Botswana in the southwest, South Africa in part and limpopo river in part. The area is about 39 1 1,000 square kilometers. The main rivers are Zambezi River and limpopo river, which are the border rivers with Zambia and South Africa respectively. The eastern border is mountainous, others belong to the third-class plateau, with an altitude of 800- 1, 500m m. The highest point in the country is 2592 meters. The Zambezi River basin is in the north, and the limpopo river and Sabi River basins are in the south. Most areas of the Ministry have a savanna climate, with an average annual temperature of 22℃. The highest temperature in June 5438+00 is 32℃, and the lowest temperature in July is about 13 ~ 17℃. The annual precipitation increases from 300 mm from southwest to northeast to 1, 250 mm

Human population

1365438+ million. Black people account for 97. 6% of the population, mainly Shona people (79%) and Ndebele people (17%), with white people accounting for 0.5% and Asians accounting for 0.4 1%. English, Shona and Ndebele are all official languages. 40% of the population believes in primitive religion, 58% in Christianity and 1% in Islam.

Administrative divisions:

The whole country is divided into 8 provinces, 55 districts and 14 towns. The names of these eight provinces are: West Mashonaland, Middle Mashonaland, East Mashonaland, Manica, Middle Mashonaland, Mazongo, North Matabele and South Malaysia Taberlet.

State dignitaries:

President Robert Mugabe took office in February 1987 and was re-elected in March 1990, March 1996 and March 2002.

history

Before the invasion of Western European colonists, Africans had established their country, leaving behind many cultural relics such as the famous Stone Town (Zimbabwe). 1890 became a colony of British South African companies and was called southern rhodesia. From 65438 to 0923, it was directly ruled by the British government and changed to a self-governing territory. 1953 became a part of the China-Africa Union. 1963 the Federation was dissolved, and the local white ruler was renamed Rhodesia the following year. 1965 unilaterally declared independence, and 1970 was renamed Rhodesia * * * and the Republic. The local people struggled for independence and liberation for a long time. On April 1980, Zimbabwe declared its independence and established a government ruled by the black majority.

Zimbabwe is an important cradle of civilization in southern Africa. In the Middle Ages, there was a civilization established by Shawna (a branch of Bantu), which left many cultural relics, the most important of which was the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe (also the naming origin of Zimbabwe). The Munhumutapa Empire, with this city as its capital, gradually became stronger in the 1 1 century by trading with Muslim caravans from the Indian Ocean coast. It uses important materials produced locally, such as gold, ivory and copper mine, to exchange raw materials such as cloth and glass from the Persian Gulf. By the15th century, it had become the largest country in southern Africa.

The prosperity of Shona civilization came to an end in the19th century. 1837, the Shona people were conquered by the Ndebele people of Zulu nationality, and the Boers (Dutch South Africans) from Britain and the south began to occupy this area gradually. 1888, the British imperialist Rhodes obtained the mining right in its territory from King Ndebele, then obtained the territorial right here for the British South Africa Company in 1889, and formally established the colonial country "Rhodesia" in 1895. 19 1 1 year, rhodesia was divided into northern rhodesia (now Zambia) and southern rhodesia, and the latter became a British autonomous colony in 1922.

1953, North and South Rhodesia once again united into a federation, which was named the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (referred to as Ronnie Federation for short), but it only existed for ten years and was dissolved in 1963. When the Ronny Federation was dissolved, the minority white ethnic group with majority control in southern rhodesia, headed by iain smith, declared national independence as southern rhodesia (and changed it to Rhodesia in 1964), but this statement was not recognized by the majority black ethnic group controlled by Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Britain, which is in charge of this area, claimed that the declaration of independence was an act of rebellion and refused to admit it, but in fact it did not use force to restore control. 1966 to 1968 After the failure of international mediation, Britain asked the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Rhodesia, but the stubborn white regime still announced the establishment of the * * * Republic regime in 1970, without any international recognition.

During the white rule, black groups in Zimbabwe have been engaged in fierce guerrilla warfare in an attempt to overthrow those in power. 1978, under the attack of international sanctions and black armed movements, the white government was finally forced to sign agreements with Zimbabwe African National Union (ZAPU), Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and many other black forces, and * * * promoted Methodist Bishop Abelted Kai Reva as the Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Rhodesia, Zimbabwe. Under the supervision of Britain, the black guerrilla organization was finally willing to disarm and end the civil war. 1980, the first democratic election in the country's history was held. Although Muzo Reva was supported by the original white Rhodesian regime and the South African government, he lacked the trust of most black people in South Africa. His transitional government didn't get the chance to remain in power in the general election, but Zimbabwe Africa led by Robert Mugabe.

Zimbabwe officially became independent on April 1980 after the smooth transfer of state power to the black government. After that, Mugabe won several consecutive elections and has been in power ever since.

Although Zimbabwe's state affairs have been transferred to the hands of blacks, more than 70% of the country's arable land is still in the hands of a few whites who account for less than 1% of the total population. Since 2000, the Zimbabwean government has carried out a fierce land ownership transfer movement and forcibly confiscated the land owned by whites on the grounds that the land held by whites was illegally obtained from black aborigines during the colonial period. This move caused a large number of white farmers in China to flee, shook the economy and lacked many basic livelihood needs. In 2002, despite the condemnation of the international community, Mugabe was re-elected in the general election. His opposition party and labor organization successively launched strikes and struggles, demanding that Mugabe step down and retire early, while the government suppressed it with military and police forces. The international monetary fund (IMF)-led financial aid to creditor countries accused Mugabe's regime of flouting human rights and cheating in the general election, and they shelved their aid plans one after another. In 2002, the British Association announced that Zimbabwe would suspend its membership for one year, and Zimbabwe responded by voluntarily withdrawing from the Association.

Politics:

The current constitution was formulated by Zimbabwe's main political parties at the Constitutional Convention held at Lancaster Palace in London in February 1979 and 19, and came into effect at independence. The president is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces; The National Assembly is the highest legislative body of the country; The government implements the presidential cabinet system, and the cabinet members are appointed by the president. Only those who have the qualifications of parliamentarians can enter the cabinet.

Economy:

Rich in natural resources, with a good industrial and agricultural foundation. Industry accounts for two-thirds of the total industrial and agricultural output value. Manufactured industrial products are exported to neighboring countries, and food is self-sufficient in normal years. They are the third largest tobacco exporter in the world, and their economic development level is second only to South Africa. Manufacturing, mining and agriculture are the three pillars of the national economy. The output value of private enterprises accounts for about 80% of GDP. Rich in natural resources, there are coal, chromium, iron, asbestos, gold, silver, lithium, niobium, lead, zinc, tin, uranium, copper, nickel and so on. Coal, iron, chromium, asbestos and other mineral deposits are world-famous for their quantity and quality. Tianjin has always been the dream place of western colonists who plundered African wealth crazily. Before independence, it was called "the jewel in Britain's crown". Coal reserves are about 27 billion tons. Iron reserves are about 250 million tons. Both chromium and asbestos have large reserves. Water resources are scarce. Industries mainly include metals and metal processing (accounting for 25% of the total output value), food processing (15%), petrochemical industry (13%), beverages and cigarettes (1 1%) and textiles (10%). Agriculture and animal husbandry mainly produces corn, tobacco, cotton, flowers, sugar cane and tea. Animal husbandry is mainly about raising cattle. The cultivated land area is 33.28 million hectares, and the agricultural population accounts for 67% of the national population. Not only is it self-sufficient in food, but it also enjoys the reputation of "granary" in southern Africa. Tianjin has become a big exporter of grain in Africa, a big exporter of flue-cured tobacco in the world and the fourth largest supplier of flowers in Europe, and the export of agricultural products accounts for about one-third of the country's export revenue. Tourism has developed rapidly and has become the main foreign exchange earning department in Tianjin. The famous scenic spot is Victoria Falls, and there are 26 national parks and wildlife reserves. It mainly exports tobacco, gold and ferroalloys, and mainly imports machinery, manufactured goods and chemical products. South Africa is the largest trading partner. External contacts are all through the railways of neighboring ports.

News and publication:

The Herald is the largest daily newspaper in Tianjin, mainly reflecting the views of the government, which owns 50% of the shares of the newspaper. The Sunday Post issued 6,543,800,000 copies. Dawn Weekly is a newspaper in Shona and Ndebele, mainly for rural areas. Chronicles mainly reflect the views of Ndebele people. The Financial Bulletin is quite influential among Tianjin people and often criticizes the government. The Zimbabwe Independent is a weekly newspaper that criticizes the government. Zimbabwe News and People's Voice are the monthly magazines of Zimbabwe's ruling party NLD (Patriotic Front). Non-current political magazines mainly include Exhibition and Horizon. Zimbabwe All-Africa News Agency (ZIANA), established in 198 1 1, is the official news agency of Tianjin. Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) was founded in 1933 and is owned by the government. It is divided into two parts: radio and television. There are four radio stations in English, Africa, Music and Education, which broadcast in English, Shona and Ndebele respectively. The TV station was built in 1960, and has two channels, both of which are color programs, which are broadcast every day from15 to 23: 00. Television 1 is geared to the whole country, broadcasting news and variety shows; TV 2 was originally an educational station, but now it has been commercialized and renamed Happy TV.

Diplomacy:

Pursue an active non-alignment policy abroad. Carry out the policy of good-neighborliness and friendship and strive to stabilize the surrounding environment. Focus on developing relations with African countries, especially southern African countries, while vigorously strengthening relations with other developing countries, especially Southeast Asian countries. It advocates comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament and the establishment of a new international economic order.

Relations with China:

1980 On April 18, Zimbabwe established diplomatic relations with China. Since then, leaders of China and Zimbabwe have frequently exchanged visits, and friendly and cooperative relations have developed steadily. President Mugabe visited China in the year when China and Zimbabwe established diplomatic relations, and then visited China many times, becoming one of the leaders of African countries who visited China the most. In July 2005, President Mugabe paid another state visit to China.

Mozambique

① Country name: Republic of Mozambique. Old translation of Mo San Bi Ge.

Independence Day: June 25th (1975)

National Day: June 25th (1975)

National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. Near the flagpole is a red isosceles triangle with a yellow five-pointed star, an open book and crossed rifles and hoes. On the right side of the flag, there are parallel wide strips of green, black and yellow, and there is a thin white strip above and below the black wide strip. Green symbolizes agriculture and wealth, black represents the African continent, yellow symbolizes underground resources, white symbolizes the justice of the people's struggle and the cause of peace to be established, and red symbolizes the armed struggle and revolution for national liberation. The yellow five-pointed star represents the spirit of internationalism, books symbolize culture and education, and rifles and hoes symbolize the unity of the broad masses of workers and the army and their cooperation in defending and building the motherland.

National emblem: round, with open books, rifles and hoes on the round surface, with the same meaning as the national flag; The ripples below symbolize the ocean; There is a radiant sun pattern in the middle, which symbolizes the new life of revolution and construction. The circumference is decorated with gears, corn and sugar cane, symbolizing industry and agriculture; There is a red five-pointed star at the top, which symbolizes the spirit of internationalism; The red ribbon at the bottom says "Mozambique and China".

State dignitaries: President armando guebuza was sworn in in February 2005.

Physical geography: covers an area of 799,000 square kilometers. It is located in the southeast of Africa, bordering South Africa and Swaziland in the south, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi in the west, Tanzania in the north, the Indian Ocean in the east and Madagascar across the mozambique channel. The coastline is 2630 kilometers long. Plateau and mountainous areas account for about 3/5 of the national area, and the rest are plains. The terrain is roughly divided into three steps from northwest to southeast: the northwest is a plateau mountain with an average elevation of 500- 1000 meters, of which A Bing Mountain is as high as 2436 meters, which is the highest point in the country; In the middle is a platform 200-500 meters high, in which islands and mountains are scattered; The southeast coast is a plain with an average elevation of 100 meters, which is distributed in a strip shape, narrow in the north and wide in the south, with a total area of 330,000 square kilometers. It is one of the largest plains in Africa. There are many rivers such as Zambezi River and limpopo river flowing into the Indian Ocean from west to east, which are rich in water resources. Lake Malawi is the boundary lake between Mozambique and Malawi. The coastline is 2630 kilometers long, and there are many swamps, sandbars and mangroves along the coast. Most of the climate is savanna, with annual precipitation of 600- 1, 500mm, with more in the north and less in the south. Forests account for about a quarter of the territory.

Population:15.74 million (August 1997). There are more than 60 tribes, most of which belong to Makua, Kanga, Malawi and Mashona of Bantu language family. The official language is Portuguese, and the main tribes have their own languages. Most people believe in primitive religions.

Capital: Maputo.

Brief History: In the 3rd century/Kloc-0, the Mashona people established the Monomotapa Kingdom in present-day Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and their national strength gradually declined at the beginning of the 6th century/Kloc-0. 1505 was invaded by Portuguese colonists and established a colonial stronghold. 1700 became a "protectorate" of Portugal. 1752 Portugal was ruled by the governor and was once called Portuguese East Africa. 1884 ——1885 Mo was classified as a Portuguese colony. 195 1, and Portugal changed it to "overseas province". 189 1 year, Baluhai people held an uprising, which lasted 25 years. 1On September 25th, 964, the Mozambican Liberation Front led the people to launch an armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. 1On September 7th, 974, FMLN and the Portuguese government signed the Lusaka Agreement on Mozambique's independence. 1975 officially declared independence on June 25th. 1990165438+1October was renamed Mozambique * * * and a multi-party system was implemented.

Politics: The current Constitution came into effect on June 30th. 1990+065438+. The constitution stipulates: replace the one-party system with a multi-party system, and separate the party, government and judiciary; The president is directly elected by the whole people for a term of five years and can only be re-elected for two terms.

Economy: Most residents are engaged in agriculture, and the agricultural output value accounts for 40% of the gross national product. Grain mainly produces corn and potatoes; Cash crops mainly include cotton, sugarcane, sisal, cashew nuts, tea, coconut, tobacco and so on. It is the largest cashew nut producer in Africa. Sheep are most domestic animals. Industry accounts for one-third of the gross national product, with food, textile and agricultural products processing as the main industries, as well as oil refining, ironmaking, cement, tires, automobile assembly and repair enterprises. The mining area is mined with coal, iron, tantalite and other minerals, such as uranium, copper, gold, nickel and cobalt. Tantalum ore ranks first in the world. Export cashew nuts, sugar, tea, desiccated coconut, wood, cotton, etc. Import machinery, vehicles, consumer goods, steel, crude oil and petroleum products. All major ports have railway trunk lines connecting South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland and other neighboring countries, and the transit traffic volume is large, which is an important source of national income.

Diplomacy: pursuing an independent and non-aligned policy.

Relations with China:1On June 25th, 975, Mozambique established diplomatic relations with China. In April 2004, President Chissano paid a working visit to China.

② Port of Mozambique. In the northeast, an offshore coral island in the mozambique channel of the Indian Ocean. The population is about 10000. Built in 1508, it is the oldest city and seaport in China. Before 1907, it was a colonial stronghold of Portugal and an important port for foreign exchange. Due to the deep water depth of the port, it is inconvenient to contact the inland, and it declines with the rise of other ports. There are small industries, such as tobacco processing and oil exploration. Many historical sites are famous for their ancient bunkers and churches.

Namibia

Namibia is a country in southwest Africa. The full name of Namibia and the Republic. The area is 823,654,38+0,000 square kilometers. The population is 1.49 million (1.993). 90% are black, with 65,438+00 main tribes, 565,438+0.2% in Ovambo and 9.3% in Kavango. In addition, there are whites and colored people. English and Afrikaans are common languages, and each tribe has its own language. White people and most black people believe in Christianity, while others believe in primitive religions. The capital Windhoek.

Geography borders Angola and Zambia in the north, Botswana and South Africa in the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west, with a coastline of 1600 km. Located on the west side of the South African Plateau, the elevation of most parts of the whole territory is1000 ~ 2000m. The central part is the central highland; The eastern part is a part of the Kalahari Basin; The western coastal areas are desert plains. Brand Mountain, located in the northwest, is 26 10 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the whole country. The Orange River in the south and the Kunene River in the north are the border rivers with South Africa and Angola respectively. Most areas belong to subtropical and semi-desert climate. Because of the high terrain, it is mild all year round, and the temperature difference does not change much.

History Before the arrival of western colonists, local residents in Namibia engaged in fishing and hunting, and farming appeared. /kloc-In the 5th century, Dutch, Spanish, British and other colonists followed. 1884 Germany occupied the coast, 1890 occupied the whole territory. South Africa1965438+In July 2005, it sent troops to occupy southwest Africa (now Namibia). 1920 12 17, the League of Nations "entrusted" South Africa to rule the region. South Africa annexed it in 1949. 1In April 1960, the People's Organization of Southwest Africa was established.1On August 26th, 1966, it led the people to start an armed struggle for national independence. 1967 At the special session of the General Assembly in May, it was decided to establish the South West Africa Council (later renamed the United Nations Council for Namibia) as the local administrative authority to end the illegal occupation of South Africa. 1968 In June, the United Nations General Assembly renamed "Southwest Africa" as "Namibia". 1978 On September 29th, the United Nations adopted resolution 435, demanding that South Africa's rule be ended and Namibia's independence be realized through a referendum under the supervision of the United Nations.

1989165438+10. In October, the Constituent Assembly election was held under the supervision of the United Nations, and the Southwest African People's Organization won the ruling. 1990 February, Samuel Nujoma was elected as the first president. On March 2 1 of the same year, Namibia officially declared its independence and its name was the Republic of Namibia.

Political/KLOC-The Constitution adopted in 0/990 stipulates that Namibia is a sovereign, independent, unified and secular republic; Implement the separation of powers, the two houses of parliament and the presidential cabinet system; The president is the head of state and government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The term of office is five years, and he may not be re-elected for more than two terms. The Namibian Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the National Committee. The National Assembly has legislative power, and the National Committee has the right to consider and reject the plan of the National Assembly. The Namibian government is a presidential cabinet system. The President is Nujoma and the Prime Minister is Geingob.

The main political parties in Namibia are: ① Southwest African People's Organization. Founded in 1960, formerly Owanbolan People's Organization, founded in 1958. (2) Enhall Democratic Alliance. Established in 1977. (3) United Democratic Front of Namibia. Established in 1989. (4) Christian national action. Established in 1989.

Namibia's economy is dominated by mining. Mining, animal husbandry and fishery are the three pillars of Namibia's economy. 90% of the products are exported. The lifeblood of the economy is in the hands of South Africa, Britain, the United States and local whites. After independence, the government clearly declared that it would respect private property and would not implement large-scale nationalization; The mixed economic system is implemented, and the mixed enterprises with private capital, foreign capital and government participation are the economic pillars of the country. In terms of land, the underutilized land abandoned by white farmers was nationalized and distributed to blacks who had no land or little land by way of compensation; At the same time, try to resettle returning refugees and gradually improve the living conditions of blacks; Formulate an investment law to encourage foreign investment. The GDP of 1993 is 81940,000 rand. The currency unit is South African rand, and the exchange rate is 3.506 rand 1 USD (1994 65438+1October 2 1).

Namibia is rich in mineral resources and is the fourth largest mineral country in Africa. The main mineral deposits are: diamond, uranium, copper, lead, zinc, tungsten and so on. Mining is the largest economic sector in Namibia. The manufacturing industry is underdeveloped, with only meat and fish processing plants, food factories, wood processing plants and small machinery factories. 85% of daily necessities are imported. Animal husbandry is relatively developed, accounting for 80% ~ 90% of the total output value of agriculture and animal husbandry. There are more than 6,300 farms in China, most of which are run by white people. Planting has been backward, and food cannot be self-sufficient. The main crops are corn, wheat and cotton. In fishery, the government has designated an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles, and plans to develop it in a planned way to prevent predatory fishing in other countries and destroy fishery resources, while vigorously developing fishery processing. This coast is rich in herring, sardines, mackerel, cod and lobster.

The infrastructure of Namibia's transportation industry is relatively developed. The total length of the highway is 58,000 kilometers, including 4,500 kilometers of asphalt roads. The total length of the railway is 2382 kilometers. Walvis Bay is the largest deep-water port. All major cities in China have airports, and Capital International Airport has regular flights to South Africa, Botswana, Germany and Switzerland. Tourism is more developed. Tourist attractions such as beaches and nature reserves are concentrated in the northern and southern regions. 70% of the tourists are from South Africa, and the rest are from Western Europe.

After Namibia's independence, it still stays in the Southern African Customs Union and the * * * common currency area, and tariffs, foreign trade and foreign exchange income are still controlled by South Africa. South Africa cancelled its financial budget subsidy to Namibia. The main creditor country is South Africa.

After the independence of culture and education, the government abolished the apartheid education system implemented by South Africa in Namibia, and decided to establish a universal education system that meets Namibia's needs, stipulating six years of free and compulsory primary education. The national illiteracy rate is 60%. Newspapers and periodicals in Namibia mainly include: Peace, Namibia, Namibia Today and Windhoek Observer. Namibian Broadcasting Corporation, formerly known as South West Africa Broadcasting Corporation, was established in1979; There are radio stations and TV stations.

External relations Namibia supports strengthening cooperation among African countries, South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue; Advocate the settlement of international disputes through negotiation. Namibia attaches importance to unity and cooperation with neighboring countries and frontline countries.

Namibia and China established diplomatic relations on March 22nd, 1990.

Although Namibia gained independence from South Africa's economy, it can't sever all relations for the time being. It is still the same currency area controlled by the customs union of South Africa and Southern Africa. The two countries have disputes over the ownership of Walvis Bay and several nearby islands. 1991may, both parties agreed to temporarily implement * * * administration until the dispute was finally resolved.

The United States has huge economic interests in Namibia. American companies in Namibia account for more than 1/3 of all foreign companies in Namibia. Europe's economy, especially Germany, Nordic countries and Namibia, is also relatively close.

[cultural education]

After independence, a universal education system was established and six-year free compulsory primary education was stipulated. China has nearly 1 350 primary and secondary schools with 500,000 students. Namibian University is the only comprehensive university in China, founded in 1993, with more than 4,000 students. There are more than 10 secondary technical schools and normal schools. The national illiteracy rate is 60%. In 2004/2005, the education budget was N $2.399 billion, ranking first among all ministries.

[News and Publication]

There are 192 news agencies and organizations in China. There are more than ten kinds of newspapers and periodicals. The main newspaper is Namibia newspaper, which was founded in 1985. * * * and the newspaper, founded in 1977, are the organ newspapers of Enhall Democratic Union, in English, German and Dutch; New Times, a People's Party newspaper; Windhoek advertising company. Namibian Broadcasting Corporation is a national radio and television organization, established in 1979, and its property rights are owned by the state. There is a radio station that broadcasts in English, German, Afrikaans and 13 local languages. There is only one channel in the TV station, which mainly broadcasts programs in English. Namibia News Agency is a semi-official news agency. South Africa has a TV relay station in Namibia.

[diplomacy]

Pursue the policy of non-alignment and African solidarity and hope to maintain good relations with South Africa.

[Relations with China]

1On March 22nd, 990, Namibia established diplomatic relations with China. In July 2004, President Nujoma paid a working visit to China. From June 5 to February 2005, Namibian President Pohamba paid a state visit to China.

[national emblem]

There is a national flag pattern on the shield in the middle. There is an African right-angled antelope on each side of the coat of arms, which symbolizes courage, elegance and pride; At the top is an osprey, which symbolizes the foresight of the country's leaders. The pattern under the coat of arms is a symbol of the national desert plain and represents the indomitable spirit of the nation; The floral decoration printed on the desert plain symbolizes the tradition and rich natural resources of this country. The ribbon at the bottom says "Unity, Freedom and Justice".

[Independence Day]

March 2 1 (1990)

[National Day]

March 2 1 (1990)

National stone

diamond

[government]

The current government took office in March 2005. At present, the main members are: Prime Minister Nahas Angula, Deputy Prime Minister Libertine Amathila (female), Foreign Minister Marco Hausiku, and Minister of Interior and Immigration Rosalia Ngidinwa (female). Immanuel Ngatjizeko, Minister of Trade and Industry, Saara kuugangelwa-Amadhila, Minister of Finance, etc.