What social reform measures have promoted the development of agriculture in China?

Since the reform and opening up, China's agriculture and rural economy have undergone earth-shaking changes. The household contract responsibility system was implemented, the people's commune system was abolished, the planned economy model was broken, and a new rural economic system framework was initially constructed. These fundamental reforms have greatly liberated and developed the rural productive forces, ended the long-term shortage of major agricultural products, and basically solved the problem of feeding the whole people. The income of farmers has greatly increased. Farmers' life is realizing a historic leap from food and clothing to a well-off society. The sudden emergence of township enterprises has promoted the transformation of rural industrial structure and employment structure and the development of small towns, and created a unique road to rural modernization. Farmers' ideas have undergone profound changes in line with the requirements of the times. The success of rural reform has made important contributions to reform, development and stability.

However, there are still the following problems in rural areas: land contracting still lacks long-term, complete and legally guaranteed land use rights; The problems of unreasonable charges in rural areas and excessive burden on farmers have not been fundamentally solved; Farmers have scattered production on a small scale, weak power, low negotiating position and invalid information, so it is difficult for them to bear market risks and interest losses in the alternation of "buying difficulties" and "selling difficulties"; Under the background of the increasing liberalization of world agricultural trade, China agriculture is facing the test of market competition; Township enterprises are facing the market pressure of industrial structure upgrading; The problem of lagging urbanization in the process of rural industrialization is increasingly prominent; The urban-rural division system has not been completely broken, and so on. This paper focuses on some key issues in agricultural reform and development in China.

I food policy: from self-sufficiency to moderate import

China is short of agricultural resources and has a large population. Efforts to increase the effective supply of grain have always been the top priority of agricultural development and cannot be ignored at any time. The serious problems faced by the long-term development of agricultural production in China are that grain production will be difficult to meet the growth of demand, the gap between grain supply and demand will be further widened, and grain imports will gradually increase in the future.

There are two different views on the strategic choice of realizing the long-term balance of grain supply and demand in China. One view is that food self-sufficiency must be the goal. Another way of thinking is that when the price of domestic agricultural products gradually reaches the international market price level, we should make use of the international market as much as possible, make up for the possible shortage of food supply in China in the near future with relatively cheap imported food, and save valuable resources for the development of non-agricultural industries and the industrial transfer of agricultural population, and we should not "emphasize food unilaterally".

We believe that in the medium and long term, to ensure the balance between supply and demand of grain, we can neither overemphasize self-sufficiency nor excessively rely on the international market, but can only choose the strategy of "based on self-sufficiency and moderate import adjustment".

It is unnecessary and unworkable to insist on food self-sufficiency. In recent years, the marginal productivity of factors in China's grain production has been decreasing, which has led to the rising cost and price of grain production. At present, the market price of grain in China is higher than that in the international market.

In this context, in order to achieve food self-sufficiency, it is inevitable to require: a large number of cultivated land; Increase investment in grain production and tap the resource potential and technical potential of grain; Continuously raise food prices; Take tariff and non-tariff measures to restrict the import of cheap foreign food. These measures will either be ineffective or will pay a high price. For example, if we overemphasize food self-sufficiency, the opportunity cost of land and capital will be high, which will not only affect farmers' income, but also damage non-agricultural development; Raising the price of agricultural products will not only become a potential factor of domestic inflation, but also promote the increase of industrial labor costs and affect the comparative advantage of the whole economy; Under the conditions of increasingly internationalized economy and increasingly liberalized trade, excessive restrictions on foreign grain imports will be opposed and retaliated by trading partners, and will also pay a price.

It is undoubtedly beneficial to improve the utilization efficiency of scarce resources in China to import grain moderately, adjust the surplus and shortage of varieties, make up the gap between production and demand and increase reserves. In the future, the supply capacity of the international grain market can still be further improved. However, considering the impact of a large number of imported grain on the world market, food security, food import capacity and the impact of a large number of imported grain on domestic production, we should take a very cautious attitude in expanding food imports in the future. The long-term balance between grain supply and demand in China must be based on.

Joining the World Trade Organization will have a great impact on the import and export trade of agricultural products in China, and its advantages and disadvantages ultimately depend on the international competitiveness of agricultural products in China. However, in the past 10 years, the cost of grain production in China increased at an average annual rate of 10%, which led to the increase of grain prices. At present, the domestic prices of wheat, corn, rice and cotton in China are higher than the international prices. In the international market, it has lost its previous competitive advantage. China's oil, sugar and dairy industries have good natural conditions and rich raw materials. However, due to the backward processing technology, the prices of vegetable oil, sugar and dairy products are now higher than the international market, losing their previous competitive advantages. Some labor-intensive products in China, such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, aquatic products and livestock products, are mostly lower than the international market because of their low resource costs. It has a strong competitive advantage in the international market. The export level of the above agricultural products is still low. For example, the annual export volume of fruit products in China only accounts for about 1% of its total output. The main reason for this situation is the poor quality of agricultural products, and the processing, packaging and storage of agricultural products are still very backward. In addition, domestic support for these products is not enough.

To meet the requirements of participating in the international market competition, the goal of agricultural development in the future should be to pay more attention to optimizing the agricultural structure according to the principle of comparative advantage and improve the international competitiveness of China's agriculture on the basis of continuing to ensure the stable improvement of comprehensive grain production capacity.

Second, farmers' income policy: from price support policy to structural adjustment policy

Increasing farmers' income is an overall problem related to China's economic development and social stability. Under the condition of market economy, farmers are unwilling to expand the supply of agricultural products if their income expectations are not good. Therefore, to achieve the goal of increasing the effective supply of agricultural products, farmers' income must increase steadily. Since the end of 1990s, a prominent contradiction in China's rural economic growth is that, with the overall improvement of agricultural products supply, farmers' income growth is in a slow state.

At present, agricultural income still accounts for more than 60% of farmers' income, and the terms of industrial and agricultural trade are still one of the most important factors affecting farmers' income growth. Agriculture is a risk-oriented industry, and it is often at a disadvantage in market competition. In the market-oriented reform of agricultural products, it is very important for the government to formulate agricultural product protection price policies to reduce the instability of agricultural product prices and protect farmers' income.

Relevant research shows that the degree of government's price protection for agriculture is closely related to the stage of economic development. Generally speaking, the more developed the economy, the higher the government's price protection for agricultural producers. Judging from China's current development stage and financial strength, it is impossible to subsidize agriculture as much as developed countries. Now, we should gradually reduce all kinds of subsidies to urban residents and urban state-owned enterprises, and greatly reduce the various burdens of farmers. In the long run, agricultural trade liberalization is a trend. Countries with high protection policies will definitely cut the price subsidies for agriculture and gradually open the agricultural products market. Moreover, even if China's economy develops to a very high stage and the proportion of agricultural population decreases to a very low level, it is impossible to directly protect agriculture by means of price.

To increase farmers' income, it is far from enough to rely solely on the government's price support, and the potential in this respect will become more and more limited. The most fundamental way to increase farmers' income is to adjust the agricultural structure and build an efficient agricultural system on the premise of ensuring food security.

Since the reform and opening up, the adjustment of agricultural structure has achieved remarkable results. However, it should be admitted that the past agricultural structural adjustment was still preliminary, low-level and phased. After agriculture has entered a new stage of development, the structural contradictions in agriculture are increasingly apparent, which are manifested in three aspects: first, the quality of products is not high, there are many commodities, and the proportion of famous products is low; Second, there are many general varieties and few special varieties; There are more primary products, fewer processed products and fewer deep-processed products. At present, the high-quality fruit rate in China only accounts for 30% of the total fruit products, and about 20% of the inferior fruits have poor palatability. The pesticide residues in some vegetables and tea exceed the standard, and the storage and fresh-keeping processing level of vegetables, fruits and flowers is low, so it is difficult to ensure the storage quality and commodity quality. Third, although the regional division of agricultural production has made great progress, the regional comparative advantage has not yet been realized. Regional crop structure has the problems of "big and complete" and "small and complete" to varying degrees. In the process of structural adjustment, repeated investments between regions often rush into a hubbub, leading to excessive blind competition and waste of resources. The fierce competition between fruit and vegetable production markets exposed the convergence of varieties and layout.

Grasping the favorable opportunity of the total balance of agricultural products, accelerating the pace of agricultural structural adjustment and promoting structural optimization and upgrading has become a major issue facing agricultural development. The new round of agricultural structural adjustment must not take the old road of simple quantitative and proportional changes, but must pay attention to the quality of adjustment. This structural adjustment is mainly to March into the depth of production and improve agricultural quality and comprehensive economic benefits.

According to the utilization of agricultural resources and the supply and demand of agricultural products in China, in order to build an efficient agricultural system, we should continue to develop planting, accelerate the development of forestry, animal husbandry and aquaculture, and increase their proportion in large-scale agriculture. At the same time, within the large-scale agriculture, we should improve the multi-level comprehensive utilization level of agriculture and forestry, strive to realize the combination of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and make more intensive use of various agricultural resources.

Developing agricultural products processing industry is not only an important way to improve the quality of agricultural products, but also an important way to improve the level of agricultural comparative benefits. It can even turn waste into treasure, improve the comprehensive utilization rate of agricultural products, and better meet the diversified needs of consumers for agricultural products and their processed products. The ratio of output value of agricultural products processing industry to agricultural output value in developed countries is mostly 3: L, while in China it is only 0.79: 1. Processed food accounts for about 90% in developed countries. China only accounts for 25%. The output value of food industry in developed countries is generally 1.5-2 times that of agriculture, while that in China is less than 1/3. From the above gap, we can see that there is still a lot of room for the development of agricultural and sideline products processing industry in China. The low level of packaging, storage and grading of agricultural products has seriously affected the international competitiveness and economic benefits of agricultural products in China. Optimization of agricultural production structure in China,

Three. Agricultural industrialization: a new trend of agricultural development

For a long time, the production, processing and sales of agricultural products in China have been out of touch, which has led to the alternation of "difficulty in buying" and "difficulty in selling" agricultural products, which not only makes agricultural products processing enterprises often unable to obtain stable supply of raw materials, but also often harms farmers' interests. In view of this situation, in recent years, China has put forward the development idea of "agricultural industrialization". Agricultural industrialization is a very rich phenomenon in practice. Although there is no clear definition of its connotation in theory, most people think that promoting agricultural industrialization under the guidance of intermediary organizations not only maintains the stability of household contract system, but also extends the industrial chain, giving play to the coordination function of integrated organizations, organizing scattered farmers to produce goods, and forming product scale, industrial scale and regional scale in a product, an industry and a region. This form is conducive to overcoming the contradiction between the decentralized management of thousands of households and the ever-changing big market, and finding an effective connection between the decentralized peasant family management and the big market; It is beneficial to realize the optimal allocation of agricultural resources and the reorganization of production factors on a larger scale and at a higher level, and improve the comparative benefits of agriculture; It is beneficial to realize the specialization, commercialization and socialization of agricultural production on the basis of family management.

The practice of agricultural industrialization in the vast rural areas of China is rich in content and diverse in forms. Generally speaking, there are four main types: first, leading enterprises drive farmers to engage in professional production, mainly agricultural products processing or circulation enterprises, and organically combine production, processing and sales. Implement integrated management. This type is generally based on "ten farmers and one company". Second, it is promoted by intermediary organizations. Mainly to community cooperative economic organizations, professional cooperative economic organizations (including farmers' professional associations), supply and marketing cooperatives and so on. Drive farmers to engage in professional production, organically combine production, processing and sales, and implement integrated management. Such organizations are generally based on cooperative economic organizations of ten farmers. But some of them are "companies+cooperative economic organizations+farmers". Third, it is driven by specialized markets, mainly as a link to drive leading industries and connect farmers. Fourth, other types, such as agricultural scientific research extension departments to provide farmers with prenatal, mid-term and post-natal services.

No matter what organizational form is adopted, the core problem of promoting agricultural industrialization management is to establish a reasonable profit distribution mechanism among production, processing and sales. From a practical point of view, the interest connection between farmers and agricultural products processing enterprises and other organizations mainly has the following forms:

One is the "buyout" relationship, that is, there is no other economic connection between farmers and enterprises except the pure market exchange relationship. Enterprises only buy farmers' raw materials at one time, and the two sides do not sign economic contracts, and the price goes with the market. Under this buyout interest relationship, there is no organic internal relationship between the production, processing and sales of agricultural products, and there is no mechanism for sharing interests and risks.

The second is contractual relationship, that is, farmers and enterprises sign standardized economic contracts on the premise of voluntariness, equality and mutual benefit, clearly stipulate the rights and obligations that all parties should enjoy, and establish a relatively stable purchase and sale relationship. In this form, the close relationship between farmers and enterprises is also different. Most enterprises generally provide farmers with improved varieties, excellent breeding livestock, breeding poultry, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other means of production, and provide technical guidance and training. Some enterprises also buy farmers' products at relatively stable prices, or set protection prices with reference to market prices. When the market price is lower than the protective price, they buy farmers' products at the protective price. In this way, the interest relationship between farmers and enterprises is further compared with "buyout". However, in many cases, farmers often fail to perform, or enterprises refuse to accept, and lower prices.

Third, the new cooperative relationship, mainly through the establishment of various types of cooperative organizations, the implementation of profit return, share dividends, and gradually form a "benefit * * * to enjoy, risk * * * to bear" interest * * body. From the way of forming cooperative organizations, there are mainly the following types: (1) Supply and marketing cooperatives absorb farmers' shares and form professional cooperatives; (2) Farmers set up professional cooperatives spontaneously; (3) Some associations absorb farmers' shares and develop into cooperatives; (4) Leading enterprises absorb farmers' shares and set up joint-stock cooperative enterprises. From the service content within cooperative organizations, some cooperative organizations (mainly farmers' professional associations) mainly provide information, technical training, material supply and other services, while others realize cooperative processing and sales. From the perspective of the internal interests of cooperative organizations, some cooperative organizations and farmers are still linked through services. On the other hand, some cooperative organizations (including enterprises) have formed a new type of property right relationship with agricultural products, and implemented profit return and share dividend for farmers. Generally speaking, there are not many ways to link interests, and the development is slow. Many cooperative organizations are not standardized, especially the economic strength of most cooperative organizations is still very weak, which makes their role in promoting agricultural industrialization still relatively limited.

What kind of interest connection between farmers and other stakeholders is influenced by many factors, such as the nature of products, the strength of enterprises, the quality of farmers and so on. In the future, China's agricultural industrialization development will still take "company+farmer" as the basic organizational form and contract as the basic interest connection mode. Actively supporting the development of leading enterprises is still of great significance to promoting the process of agricultural industrialization. Agricultural products and processed products can stand on the market and occupy the market, so that agricultural industrialization can proceed smoothly. In the direction of development, leading enterprises should have a high starting point, insist on winning by quality and winning by efficiency. Leading enterprises should handle well the relationship with farmers. Leading enterprises are not simply agricultural products processing or circulation enterprises, but should provide supporting services in economy and technology for farmers to make their production meet the requirements of the market. Leading enterprises should strive to share interests and risks with farmers.

Fourth, agricultural surplus labor: from local to cross-regional orderly flow.

Since the reform and opening up, China's agricultural surplus labor transfer has made remarkable achievements. Nevertheless, the employment pressure of agricultural labor force has not been greatly alleviated.

To solve the outlet problem of large-scale rural surplus labor force, we must adopt the strategy of "multi-channel diversion and multi-form transfer", rely on the all-round development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, explore employment opportunities in all directions and maximize employment opportunities. In order to prevent a large number of rural population from flooding into cities and inducing "urban diseases", we should fully tap the employment potential within agriculture and make agriculture effectively play the role of "reservoir" of surplus labor. We should actively explore the international labor export market. However, the ability of these two channels to absorb agricultural surplus labor force is limited after all. The fundamental way to solve the problem of agricultural surplus labor force in the future lies in non-agriculture and urbanization. Township enterprises will still be the main channel for the resettlement of rural surplus labor force in the future.

Whether the employment pressure of rural surplus labor force can be alleviated depends on whether township enterprises can continue to maintain a high ability to absorb labor force. Now the institutional environment and market environment faced by the development of township enterprises have undergone fundamental changes. In the new environment, township enterprises cannot compete with urban enterprises in all industries. When the economic development enters the period of structural adjustment and the production capacity of most industries is relatively surplus, it is a guarantee that township enterprises should adapt to the competition in domestic and foreign markets and make strategic adjustments to the industrial structure.

First, vigorously develop the agricultural product processing industry. From the perspective of urban and rural layout, before the reform and opening up, China's agricultural products processing industry was mostly distributed in large and medium-sized coastal cities, forming a pattern of rural production of raw materials and urban processing. This pattern cuts off the organic connection between agricultural products processing industry and agriculture, which not only causes a large loss of agricultural products raw materials and high processing costs, but also is not conducive to the development of agricultural production. Since the reform and opening up, this situation has been improved to some extent because of the sudden emergence of township enterprises. 1997 The urban-rural ratio of the output value of agricultural products processing industry was 1: 0.89, and the food industry still dominated, with the urban-rural ratio of 1: 0.60. At present, China's agricultural products processing industry is still mainly concentrated in cities, especially in the deep processing of agricultural products. 1997 the output value ratio of agricultural products processing industry in the eastern, central and western regions is 66: 24: 10, that is to say, the agricultural products processing industry is mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas (nearly 2/3), while the proportion in the mainland is very small, especially in the western regions, accounting for only11. Taking the development of agricultural products processing industry as a breakthrough to start a business. The central and western regions are not only the main producing areas of agricultural products, but also the most potential places for the development of agricultural products processing industry. It is necessary to speed up the transfer of agricultural products processing enterprises to the central and western regions. In the future, the pressure of rural surplus labor in China will mainly be in the central and western regions. Developing labor-intensive agricultural products processing industry will not only help the central and western regions to absorb more rural labor, but also ease the pressure of cross-regional flow of rural surplus labor.

The second is to vigorously develop the tertiary industry. Compared with the scale and requirements of the development of the secondary industry, the total development of the rural tertiary industry is insufficient and relatively backward. At present, the rural tertiary industry is mainly concentrated in some traditional and low-level transportation and commercial catering services. In some traditional industries, due to the similarity of industrial structure between regions, it has formed a situation of entering surplus and low-level excessive competition. For example, in the traditional transportation industry of township tertiary industry, the development of transportation capacity is mostly concentrated on short-distance passenger transport and inland transportation, and the growth of transportation capacity is more serious than the demand for transportation capacity and the phenomenon of road surplus. Some (emerging) tertiary industries (such as scientific and technological services, information consulting, financial insurance, etc.) urgently needed for rural development. ) Serious underdevelopment, such as rural financial industry, not only has narrow business scope, backward and extremely irregular credit means, but also cannot meet the needs of promoting rural capital flow. Accelerate the development of rural tertiary industry. First, focus on building wholesale markets for agricultural products and actively explore rural capital and labor markets; Second, the transportation, communications, insurance, finance, information services, technical services and other industries as the focus of development; Third, develop emerging industries such as rural real estate and tourism.

Guiding the development of township enterprises to combine with the construction of small towns and promoting the development of tertiary industry should be the fundamental way to solve the employment problem of rural surplus labor force in the future.

Since the mid-1980s, especially since the 1990s, the cross-regional mobility of rural labor has become increasingly active. According to international experience, the 1990s and the first 20 years of the next century will be the most dramatic periods of social and economic structural changes in China. It can be said that the large-scale flow of tens of millions of "migrant workers" in recent years is only a prelude to the cross-regional flow of rural labor force for a long time to come.

The inevitable blindness of such a large-scale cross-regional flow and spontaneous flow of rural labor forces has challenged the labor absorption capacity of the inflow areas in a certain period of time, and the urban infrastructure and traffic pressure are enormous. Urban housing, environmental management, health care facilities, public security management and population control are all under increasing pressure.

In recent years, a large number of rural labor force has flowed into cities, which has caused some problems, but the flow of rural labor force to cities cannot be strictly restricted. Except for some restrictions on the flow of rural labor in a few megacities, most cities should open their doors to farmers, encourage farmers' entrepreneurs to invest and set up factories in cities, and attract some rural labor to work in cities. In recent years, in some large and medium-sized coastal cities, with the deepening of system reform and rapid economic growth, not only the urban employment problem has been solved, but also a large number of migrant workers have been absorbed. This shows that if the economy of existing large and medium-sized cities can flourish after the shackles of the old system are lifted, their ability to absorb rural labor can not be ignored. Let some farmers enter large and medium-sized cities for employment, and strive to make some qualified farmers become stable immigrants from perennial migrant workers, which should become the future.

It is necessary to intensify the reform of the household registration system and gradually eliminate the division of urban and rural labor markets. Since the reform, although the market mechanism has played an increasingly important role in the allocation of labor force, the unified labor market between urban and rural areas has not yet formed, and the urban population still has a considerable monopoly on urban employment opportunities. The division of urban and rural labor market has been maintained for a long time, and it is not necessary for farmers to compete in employment to curb the rise of urban labor costs. Not only has agriculture lost opportunities and conditions for development, but the labor efficiency of urban industrial departments and service departments is also difficult to improve. The core content of the household registration system reform is to eliminate all kinds of social and economic differences attached to the household registration relationship, so as to truly enable urban and rural residents to have equal status in the face of development opportunities and obtain unified social recognition. Therefore, in the employment system, we should establish a market-oriented employment system of "enterprises are employed independently and workers are free to choose their jobs". Establishing a new population registration management system means establishing an open population household registration system, that is, anyone from rural to urban, from one city to another, or from one rural to another, from urban to rural, as long as they meet certain conditions and requirements (such as a stable source of income and a certain number of years of residence), they should obtain legal residence status according to law, enjoy corresponding rights and assume corresponding obligations according to law. The reform of the household registration system can be carried out gradually. First, implement the new household registration management system in small towns, and then gradually implement it on the basis of local breakthroughs. At present, in small towns, there are not many non-agricultural registered permanent residence privileges, and the conditions for reforming the current household registration system have been met.

5. Land policy: give farmers long-term and guaranteed land use rights.

Although the reform of household contract management system has achieved great success, there is still a lot of follow-up work to be done to further stabilize and improve this system, especially how to further improve the rural land property right system is still an important content of deepening rural reform.

At present, a basic feature of China's rural land property right system is that land ownership continues to be owned by farmers collectively, while farmers obtain land use rights through contracting. Although this unique institutional arrangement has not fundamentally touched the collective ownership of land, it has better solved the common problem of "hitchhiking" among collective members under the people's commune system. As a result, productivity has been greatly improved. Because the reform of rural land system is carried out in the absence of mature theoretical preparation and systematic policy design, the irregularity of rural land property right system is inevitable. In recent years, in order to improve the rural land property right system, the government has issued some important policies and tried to concretize these policies into laws. However, the farmland property right system is not perfect. The main defect of the current farmland property right system is that it cannot effectively guarantee the stability of farmers' land rights. In most areas, it is common to adjust land regularly according to population changes. This adjustment has seriously undermined the stability of land contractual management rights. The government's policy of extending the land contract period for another 30 years on the basis of the original farmland use right 15 years; It has not been well implemented.

The instability of farmers' land rights is also reflected in the fact that the content of farmers' land contractual management rights is still insufficient. For example, under the current system, farmers lack the right to mortgage land use rights and obtain bank loans. More importantly, farmers lack the ability to fully exercise their land rights in reality. Although the government requires farmers and collectives to sign a written land contract agreement, in reality, it is not uncommon to terminate the land contract agreement at will and infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of farmers.

To stabilize the land in contract relationship, a controversial issue is whether to adjust the land within the 30-year contract period. One view is that it should be clearly stipulated that the land shall not be adjusted during the 30-year contract period. Another view is that limited minor adjustments should be allowed during the contract period. The experience in recent years shows that the periodic adjustment of land by administrative means to alleviate the contradiction between man and land can certainly meet the wishes of some farmers, but it has great side effects. It is not conducive to encouraging farmers to improve their land. Considering the greater resistance to the implementation of the 30-year contract period itself, it will be more difficult to implement if land adjustment is not allowed at all during the 30-year contract period. Therefore, a more feasible choice is to make stricter restrictions on the adjustment of land during the contract period. The new land management law has made great improvements in this respect, such as stipulating that the land of individual contractors should be adjusted during the land contract period. It must be approved by more than 3 members of the villagers' meeting/kloc-0 or more than 2/3 villagers' representatives. But this is not enough, and stricter restrictions should be stipulated. In particular, there must be stricter restrictions on land contracting by units and individuals outside the collective. For example, it is stipulated that any adjustment should be approved by the existing contractor first. In this regard, there is a phenomenon that grassroots cadres abuse their powers and forcibly lease collective land. The phenomenon of forcibly recovering farmers' contracted land occurs from time to time. In the land laws of many countries, there are "renewal options" provisions for private land and public land. In the Netherlands, the land law promulgated by the government also stipulates that the land lease period of tobacco farmers is at least 12 years, which can be renewed. In Australia, about 85% of agricultural land (mainly grassland and woodland) belongs to "crown land". Most of these public land use long-term lease system, and there are also legal provisions for renewal of lease. For example, the lease term of grassland is generally 99 years, and it can be renewed at the expiration. China has a permanent tenancy system from the beginning. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the system of permanent tenancy was very popular in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. Permanent lease.