Why is Shan called the mother of Han Opera?

In the depths of the peaks and valleys in Qinba Mountain area, a set of rural voiceless sounds has been circulating for a long time, just like "Ding Dong Ding Dong" all the way down the Han River, which is of great significance to many operas. This is the opera Huang Er in Qinba Mountain area.

In the process of development, the mountain not only contributed to the birth of Han opera, but also became the distant ancestor of Beijing opera. Chen Bohua, a famous dramatist in China, said bluntly:

Mountain is the mother of Han opera!

From Shan Huang Er to Peking Opera, there have been many stories of joys and sorrows in ancient and modern China and abroad for centuries. The heroic spirit permeates Changhong, and the childlike innocence is ingenious and exquisite, all of which are accompanied by this bamboo sandalwood board and shed in the yellow melody.

In the wall of the old town of Zhuxi County in Qinba Mountain area, the south gate is the square. As soon as I arrived in beginning of spring, the wicker beside the Tinker Dam began to wake up from hibernation, soothing my waist. Every year, in the first month of the Spring Festival, everything germinates and prospers smoothly, becoming a happy ocean that everyone expects.

Here, as long as the posters of the mountain drama are posted, they will come from Jiang Jiayan, down to the level, Xianhe, all corners of the country, calling friends, a villager, holding his wife and children.

The red light hung high on the stage, the curtain hung low and the waves were rough under the stage. Before the performance, the sound of gongs and drums of "Noisy Taiwan" was banging like a drum, stirring people's happy mood like boiling water.

Finally, the curtain slowly opened, and the audience suddenly quieted down and looked up and held their breath. On that stage, bamboo, orchestral strings, cymbals, sandalwood and harmony filled the air, singing gradually began, and the corner was bright, bright and fascinating.

At the end of the play, people dispersed, lingering sound, dim lights, people stepping on the afterglow, couples holding hands, couples funny, children chasing and frolicking, boys and girls flirting. Year after year, people use Huang Er to dispel loneliness in the mountains and increase the fun of life.

Mountain Huang Er is also called "Diao Han Huang Er" or "Han". Mountain originated in the Qing Dynasty, and the Chu tune brought into the mountain with Jingxiang immigrants gradually combined with the voice and folk music in northwest Hubei, forming a local drama.

During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there were indeed many immigrants in Huangzhou area who settled in northwest Hubei and southern Shaanxi. Tong Jueping, an old artist from Huang Er, Zhuxi County, moved to Zhuxi County in the middle of Qianlong period. He started to make a living by doing business. In the third generation, he became famous for singing Huang Er and setting up a "Wanzi" class.

Fan Dade, an old artist from Fangxianshan, and Fan Renbao, a foreman, went to Ankang, Shaanxi Province to perform, leaving an artist who settled in Ankang, and set up an "auspicious class", which inherited the words "Rui, Cai, Fang and Sheng". Among them, Zhou Ruifu, Xia, Yao, etc. are famous. They play both novice and supporting roles in the play.

During Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, Mountain Huang Er was quite popular in Yunyang area. Xiao Mingjia, a rich man in Huanglongtan, Yunxian County, pays for Eric Ho and others to be teachers from time to time, and arranges classes according to the words "Tian, Zi, Chong, Ying and Hao".

Although the class has actually only achieved "key" subjects, it has trained many talents and produced many celebrities. Among them, Qing, a junior majoring in "Tian", was invited to perform in Ankang, Hanzhong and other counties in Shaanxi for several months in the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and was known as "Hanzhong Red" locally. The junior students won the competition by singing. He performed in Ankang County for 48 days and was packed.

Zhuxi people are famous for their love of opera, singing and philharmonic. Zhuxi, represented by Xiangba, is a sea of folk songs. Flower-drum lanterns are sung at weddings, dead people play "noisy drums at night" to sing funeral songs, rice seedlings sing "yangko" and corn grass plays "grass gongs and drums". After a play is finished, the lines and lyrics will be widely sung and recited in the market the next day.

Shan Huang Er is a kind of Pihuang opera popular in northwestern Hubei and southern Shaanxi. This kind of drama gradually evolved under the condition that the Chu tune brought by Jingxiang immigrants was combined with Zhuxi dialect, pronunciation and folk music.

The role of the mountain is divided into 10 industries: one end, two clean, three healthy, four Dan, five ugly, six foreign, seven small, eight stickers, nine old and ten miscellaneous. In singing, except for Stan and Batie, all other professions use their own voices.

Shan Huang Er's band has a coin court and a martial arts court. The venue is dominated by Huqin, Qin Yue and Sanxian, with erhu, suona and flute. The martial arts field consists of drums, drums, tubas, brass, wooden fish, big gongs, Su gongs, small gongs, horse workers, Erwuzi, big cymbals and small cymbals. According to the Records of Zhuxi County, there are "Qin Ding Musical Instruments" 18 kinds in Zhuxi, which shows its richness and completeness.

A scenery and a local accent make a drama. The melody of the mountain is warm and indirect, elegant and simple, with moderate rhythm, neither as slow as Kunqu Opera and Beijing Opera, nor as loud and rough as Shaanxi Opera and Henan Opera.

Shan's performance pays special attention to the singer, and his singing emphasizes clear pronunciation and mellow voice, pure and beautiful rhyme. It is both euphemistic and elegant, and rough and simple. It is essential to be good at singing, such as ending, voiced, unvoiced and Danish. Clowns also need good singers. At the same time, pay equal attention to workmanship and martial arts, emphasizing that singing literary operas should have the basic skills of martial arts and singing martial arts should have the style of literary operas.

In terms of tone, Shan Huang Er uses local tone instead of lateral tone. Adhere to the group sound as the final angle, the local sound as the living angle, the tiger sound as the clear angle, and the local sound as the minority. The traditional singing method of supporting the horn is narrow, and after the reform, the true and false voices are combined into one.

Huang Er can be inherited and developed in Zhuxi, which is the result of the landscape of Zhuxi and also related to the nature of Zhuxi people.

The gentleness of the mountains coincides with the group psychology of Zhuxi people, expressing the regional situation of beautiful mountains and rivers, open rivers and thick streams. In the exciting heart of Mountain Huang Er, majestic mountains and quiet valleys are clearly sung, and the other side of Zhuxi people's personality is also expressed.

Shan Huang Er is a Hubei local opera with Shiyan area in northwest Hubei as its main activity area. Mountain Huang Er was born in northwest Hubei and southern Shaanxi, and has evolved into a local opera that is coordinated with local dialects and folk tunes, and has become a distinctive regional feature centered on Shiyan City, Yunyang District, northwest Hubei.

At the same time, the early Shaanxi was based on Chu tune, and the northwest of Hubei was located at the junction of Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi and Chongqing provinces, where people lived together. "Three fat people are many, and the common values are Chu songs", so it is easy to be accepted by the people in the surrounding areas and has the characteristics of wide spread.

Huang Er is a cultural treasure created, accumulated and developed by Zhuxi people in the long-term life and production process. It directly and vividly reflects the feelings, ideals and aspirations of the people of Zhuxi, embodies the spirit, character and values of the people of Zhuxi, and is the blood of inheriting the fine traditions of Zhuxi. It will be beautiful and wonderful if it is rippling in the spring breeze during hundreds of years of reproduction and spreading.

The mountainous area in northwest Hubei is vast and sparsely populated, and the traffic is inconvenient. In the early days of Huang Er, it was mainly an amateur oratorio, commonly known as "Zuo Maruko". There is no fixed organizational form, which is formed by the temporary invitation of the organizer.

At the beginning of the 20th century, counties in northwest Hubei successively staged amateur "Wanzi classes", replacing seats with oratorios and hanging clothes. Wanshan Society, Zhuxi Sanyi Society, Xinxi Drama Society, Zhushan Sanyi Society and Fangxian Sanlie Society all have certain influences.

At this time, Huanglong, Yunxian's Baoxia, Zhuxi's Zhonghe, Yunxian's Sunjiawan, Yunxi's Tianhe Town, Shang Jin and Zhushan's Guandu are all famous.

In addition, there are more than 10 shadow play classes touring the countryside. In the long-term process of mass singing and learning to sing mountain, mountain gradually absorbed the local miscellaneous tune, and Daobai absorbed the dialect, also known as Yunyang Mandarin. Thus, Huang Er has gradually formed its unique local characteristics.

There are more than 100 plays in Shan Huang Er. In the early days, Zuo Wanzi was the main singer, singing more traditional operas and dramas, and his singing skills were better.

In the middle stage, organize classes to set up clubs, start classes, hang clothes on the stage and perform traditional dramas. At that time, there were about 400 traditional plays performed by various classes and clubs, most of which were foreign dramas, Tang dramas and Song dramas.

There are 1 "ten" and 6 "four" in Shan's traditional repertoire. The so-called "one ten" refers to the "ten stops", namely a pinch of snow, two plums, three scripts, four scholars, a map of May, six, seven sages in the snow, eight meanings, kuya and ten books. The so-called "June 4th" means "four forced palaces", "four big families", "The Four Assassins", "four big spears", "four big signings" and "four big weddings". Compared with other Pihuang operas, there are fewer Yuejia operas and Water Margin operas in Huang Er.

After the founding of New China, a number of outstanding plays were arranged, adapted and transplanted from traditional plays, among which Hua Zi scolded Xiang participated in the first provincial-level opera performance. Shan's performance constantly absorbs excellent forms of expression from other art categories, further enriching and developing its means of expression.

For example, the transplant drama "The Butcher's Champion" absorbed and used the lead singer, backup singer and chorus of the opera, which enhanced the artistic appeal. The creation of the drama Niangzi County Official absorbed the experience of modern drama program reform, which made Shan's drama closer to life and more contemporary.

Shan Huang Er