Leizhou Culture in Leizhou Peninsula

Leizhou Peninsula has a long history and splendid culture. Since the Western Han Dynasty, most of the dynasties have set up counties here, which has always been the political, military, economic, cultural and shipping center of Leizhou Peninsula, so it is called "the land of the South". In the long history, because Leizhou Peninsula is located in the south of Chinese mainland, the excellent Central Plains culture has widely absorbed and integrated the ancient South Vietnamese, slang and Chaozhou culture, collided and merged with each other, constantly enriched and updated, and gradually formed a unique Leizhou culture.

Leizhou dialect, Leizu Raytheon, Gray Lei Ju, Leizhou Music, Leizhou Nuo Dance, Leizhou Stone Dog, Leizhou Pearl and other "Lei Zi" features show the unique features of Leizhou culture. It is an important regional culture of South Guangdong and occupies an important position in the history and culture of South Guangdong. Leizhou culture, Guangfu culture, Chaozhou culture and Hakka culture are also called the four major cultures in Guangdong, which occupy an important position among many regional cultures in China.

Leizhou culture has a long history. Because Leizhou Peninsula is red soil, it is called red soil culture. There are many distinctive cultures in Leizhou Peninsula, which have been passed down in people's production and life and have great inspiration for future generations.

The gathering of talents in the past dynasties has promoted the integration of various cultures, making Leizhou a meeting place of Chu-Yue culture, indigenous culture, Minnan immigrant culture, marine culture and Central Plains culture. Minnan culture, religious culture, vulgar culture, floating residence and celebrity culture are distinct, which has spawned a number of Leizhou dialects, Leizhou music, Gray, Lei Ju, Leizhou Shigou, Leizhou Nuo Dance and Leizhou Drum Club with local characteristics.

The light of civilization will shine for thousands of years, and Zhong Ling, a distant land, is beautiful. According to historical records, only in the Tang and Song Dynasties, 22 celebrities were relegated or left footprints in Leizhou Peninsula, including Kou Zhun, Li Gang, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Tang Xianzu and other famous ministers and writers. They brought advanced Central Plains civilization and honesty, and made a great contribution to the development of Leizhou Peninsula.

Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, Baiyue people mainly lived in Leizhou Peninsula, and their cultural ecology was still primitive folk culture. During their stay in Leizhou Peninsula, the sages opened academies, advocated enlightenment, spread the advanced culture, ideas and production technology of the Central Plains, and wrote countless poems. They are honest and upright, and they also bring fresh breath to the local area. By the Qing Dynasty, a large number of local talents represented by Chen Changqi and Chen emerged in Leizhou. Today, Leizhou has become the only national historical city in western Guangdong. It is generally acknowledged by historians that before the Tang and Song Dynasties, Leizhou Peninsula was still a wild land, and most of the local residents were Guyue people who did not open the HarmonyOS system, and the cultural ecology was dominated by backward vulgar culture. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Leizhou Peninsula has been full of talented people and bright stars.

Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a group of Central Plains celebrities have been relegated here. It was they who, after falling from the height of the temple to the distance of the river and sea, sank down and felt excited.

Energetic, caring for the people and the people, using the mature and advanced Central Plains civilization, building water conservancy projects, being diligent, and writing incessantly, the salary of hundreds of years has been passed down from generation to generation, making this vast land a fertile ground for Zhong Ling-the blue ocean collides with the "north wind" southward, and the spring breeze turns into rain, washing and watering the red land, but scouring it. Statues of ten immortals, such as Kou Zhun, Li Gang, Su Shi and Su Zhe, enshrined in the Ten Immortals Temple, as well as the Su Causeway Monument of the West Lake: Guisheng Academy and the Mooncherry Well at the entrance, still shining with wise eyes; The stories of Li Gang, Mo Bao and "Sur Village" have been told so far; Leizhou people read Leizhou's "Kouzhudu" ... these all record the footprints of the sages. They either live in exile for a year or two, or come and go in a hurry, "ethereal and lonely"; However, "Snow Mud Claw" and "Glance" shed rain and dew that moistened everything for this dry red land.

When Kou Zhun first arrived, he found that the local people spoke crooked Guyue dialect, which was not conducive to communication, so he ignored the huge gap from the prime minister to the minister to join the army and educated the local people to learn the Zhongzhou pronunciation of "Mandarin" at that time. Also build water conservancy and teach agricultural technology; Explain astronomical geography, seek good fortune and avoid evil; Jian Zhen Wu Tang teaches and educates people. Li Gang was demoted to Leizhou, lived in Tianning Temple and wrote more than 20 poems, expressing his deep patriotic feelings. Su Shi's southern expedition passed through Leizhou, leaving many documents in Mo Bao, and his style and integrity had a far-reaching impact on the local area. Su Zhe studied writing in Leizhou and left many excellent works. The charm of Sur and the Vastness of the Sea are often sung by contemporary people and become spiritual homes for people to comfort their souls. Tang Xianzu was demoted to Xuwen and found that the folk customs here were fierce and aggressive, so he founded Guisheng Academy to educate the people to cherish life. He even more boldly tortured: "Which is more expensive, heaven and earth? Gan Kun is only in this life. Haibo plays drums all day, who knows your love? " This kind of torture is different from Qu Yuan's Tian Wen, which is an orphan of a declining dynasty's questioning of loyalty to the monarch. Tang Xianzu's questions are more reflections on human nature and more humanistic.

Sages learn from others, and the light of civilization comes down in one continuous line. The remote place of Zhong Ling is Yu Xiu. Since then, there have been a large number of literati here, and a large number of talents represented by "Chen Sanjie" in Leizhou in the Qing Dynasty have been nurtured. These include a politician known for his incorruptibility and ability, an erudite and outspoken official, Chen Changqi, a "Lingnan wizard" who combines books, paintings, poems and seals, etc. Leizhou dialect, which belongs to a branch of Fujian language family and is the same as the mother tongue of Ren Lei compatriots at home and abroad, and is mainly distributed in the southwest of Guangdong Province. Leizhou dialect is widely used in the daily life of people in Leizhou Peninsula and surrounding areas. It is the southernmost dialect in Chinese mainland and one of the four major dialects in Guangdong. Leizhou dialect, named after ancient Leizhou, is mainly distributed in the whole Leizhou Peninsula and its surrounding areas today. Because this area belongs to the jurisdiction of Gulei Prefecture in history, it is called Leizhou dialect.

Leizhou dialect is popular in Leizhou City, Suixi County, xuwen county, Mazhang District, Donghai Island, Chikan District, xiashan district, Potou District, southern Lianjiang City, eastern Wuchuan City, Dianbai County, western Guangdong, southeastern Guangxi and Qiongbei counties (cities), districts and towns, with a domestic population of more than 8 million and an overseas population of about 654.38+0.

Leizhou dialect in Leizhou city is the representative of Leizhou dialect, which is phonetic. From the sixth year of Ding Yuan in the Han Dynasty (11) to the early years of the Republic of China, it has been the seat of counties, prefectures, counties, roads, armies, roads and governments for thousands of years and has become the political, economic and cultural center of Leizhou Peninsula.

At present, there are works such as Leizhou Dialect Phonetic Vocabulary, Leizhou Dialect Dictionary, Leizhou Dialect Dictionary and Leizhou Dialect Records.

Leizhou people, also known as Leizhou people, are one of the four major ethnic groups in Guangdong. Leizhou clan refers to the descendants of the early Han people who migrated from the Central Plains through Fujian (mostly through ancient Putian) to Leizhou Peninsula and its surrounding areas. According to relevant historical records, the earliest ancestor of Putian who moved to Leizhou Peninsula was in the early Qin Dynasty (22 BC1). Leizhou dialect is the native language of Leizhou people and now lives in more than 30 countries and regions at home and abroad.

Leizhou Peninsula has a local population of more than 6 million, the resident population in other parts of China is about 2 million, and the overseas population is about 6.5438+0.5 million. Leizhou folk clan has its own unique Leizhou culture with a long history and is the representative of Minnan folk clan. Leizhou people's clans are closely related to Chaoshan people's clans, Zhangquan people's clans, Fujian and Taiwan people's clans and Hainan people's clans, but for a long time, Leizhou people's clans have developed Leizhou culture different from ancient Minnan culture according to the local geographical environment. Leizhou people are resolute, pragmatic, simple and upright, forming a strong unity. Hang Ai Hu

"Ai Hu" recorded in the Chronicle of Jingchu Age: "On May 5, I regarded Ai as a tiger, or chopped it as a tiger, attached to it, and my wife competed for it." Some of the "Ai Hu" are made of wormwood and mugwort leaves, and some are stuck on tigers cut with cloth and silk, which are tied into braids by local women and children. On the morning of the first day of May, most rural people will put mugwort leaves on both sides of their doorsill (to attract a hundred blessings), or stick yellow notes with tigers to ward off evil spirits. In the towns of Leizhou Peninsula, from the first day, mugwort and herbs were sold in the streets and alleys, and citizens bought them to boil water for a bath. According to traditional customs, inserting wormwood into the door is to attract blessings and exorcise evil spirits. Bathing with wormwood liquid can wash away evil spirits and skin diseases. The wormwood of these vendors is collected from nearby mountains, and several branches and other grass leaves are tied into a neat bundle to sell, a bundle of 50 cents or a dollar. Wormwood gives off a special fragrance, and people come forward to buy it from time to time.

Wormwood is a perennial herb with alternate leaves, deep pinnate, green surface, thick white hairs on the leaves and special fragrance on the stems and leaves. In ancient China, wormwood was used as medicine. The moxibustion method of acupuncture was to put wormwood on the acupoint and cauterize it to treat diseases. Therefore, the ancients believed that wormwood could attract wealth and ward off evil spirits. It is recorded in an ancient book in China: "When chickens don't crow, people who collect wormwood like humans take it and use moxibustion to collect it, and the effect is very good. It is the day when Ai Cai became a man and hung on the door, which can poison gas. " In ancient times, it was thought that after the Dragon Boat Festival, the weather began to get hot, mosquitoes bred, and infectious diseases were prone to occur. So on this day, five kinds of plants, such as Acorus calamus, wormwood, pomegranate flower, garlic and Shandan, were used to drive away all kinds of poisons.

Funeral custom

Since the founding of New China, the state has advocated the reform of funeral and burial, changed customs and traditions, and new funeral methods have been gradually accepted by local people. However, in the past, people on the peninsula followed the old adage of "being buried in the ground" and dared not care about the funeral. It has a complicated set of rituals and many taboos, which make people see things in a blur. Many old customs have disappeared.

Funeral believes that anyone who is over 50 years old and dies of illness is regarded as death, which is called "happy funeral" (that is, white marriage). For this normal death, the family has been psychologically prepared. As soon as the death of a loved one is confirmed, the filial family will burst into tears. At this time, a bowl of "leftovers" (also called pouring rice) should be provided at the feet of the deceased; Use a dish lamp to hold sesame oil and light a long lamp (also called street lamp); Fill a bowl of rice and serve incense. Incense and lights are burning day and night. Besides, the family members of the deceased are already in Dai Xiao, so you can't start dealing with the funeral with shoes and hats on. Members of their tribe or community will raise money to donate coffins to the dead. In-laws or neighbors in the village began to volunteer to help with housework.

After the bereaved family died, the bereaved mainly sent bereavement information to their relatives and friends at the first time, but their affairs were complicated and they could not be separated. They often send relatives to help them run around and issue obituaries. Undertaker can't enter the door when he goes to the other person's house. For those who come out to meet, young and old, they should kowtow to each other and then tell each other why someone died, the funeral at a certain time and so on.

There are two kinds of funerals: large and small. Funeral is mainly to bathe the dead and wear shroud. It is usually carried out shortly after the death of the deceased, because after a long time, the body is stiff and difficult to wear. There are strict regulations on the number of shroud pieces, even for men and odd for women. If a woman dies, her family will put on the rings and bracelets she wore before her death, which is called "pressing" and take them out for future generations to wear when picking up bones and reburying. You will also put pearls, jade, shellfish and rice into the mouth of the deceased and call it "Mihan" or "Mihan".

The great coat will immediately enter the coffin. After the coffin is closed and nailed, the natives will ask if anyone has not seen the body. This is to prevent the bereavement from coming late and not seeing the last of relatives.

From the death of the deceased to the funeral, filial piety should take turns to wake day and night, mainly to prevent the intrusion of animals such as cats and dogs, but also to show filial piety.

There are five levels of mourning, namely, mourning, Cui Zi, meritorious service, minor service and coma, which are called five clothes and are suitable for relatives who have different intimate relationships with the deceased. Broken decline is the heaviest mourning, which is mainly applicable to the son, unmarried daughter and daughter-in-law of the deceased. Made of the coarsest raw hemp, it is simple and rough, and is used to express the depth of grief.

Mourning is an important part of funeral custom. Different from the relationship between the deceased and relatives, there are many different ways and methods of condolence.

After receiving the bad news, children or other close relatives who are away from home should cry first, then ask about the cause of death, and then go on the road to mourn regardless. When you get home, you have to look forward to your hometown and sing (the singer cries).

Go home, find the spirit, and cry on your knees. In Lianjiang, there is a popular oral literature called crying milk (no matter who the object of crying is, it is collectively called crying milk), and its content is roughly to trace the past sufferings and nostalgia of the deceased. For example, the daughter cried for her mother:

My mother raised me and took care of me. Hard life, milk!

No food, no milk; Hard life, milk!

Get to this day, milk; Crowds of children, milk!

How did I know you were going, Milk? Stop it, milk!

Leave your daughter, milk; I'm sad, milk!

The wailing is so beautiful and sad that the listener has to cry.

Relatives and friends come to pay their respects, and the dutiful son should be greeted and accompanied. After the mourning ceremony, the mourners went to the mourning hall for formal mourning. Comfort by the concierge, that is, pay the cash at the cashier. Most of them are six feet long white, black, gray and blue cloth. At that time, the words "immortal fame" and "forever typical" will be written in chalk and quoted at the funeral.

Funeral is also called going out of the mountain. Funeral time is different in different places. Some places are in Shi Si (10- 1 1), and some places are in Youshi (4-5 pm). At the funeral, the Taoist priest collects the evil spirit first, and affixes the "evil spirit symbol" on the lintel. When the coffin moved out of the house, the Taoist priest muttered, continuous shooting hit the coffin three times with the belly of his sword, which was a funeral order. Sixteen porters shouted in unison, and the dutiful son held a fragrant bowl, memorial tablet and coffin as the leader to drive away ghosts. Barmen drink together every few minutes, which means warning passers-by to avoid.

After leaving the village, the coffin is usually held in an open area such as a village head or a village hall. At the opening ceremony, sacrifices were made according to kinship and distance. Celebrities include Mr. Da Chang (who is responsible for chanting and directing the whole process of funeral ceremony), Mr. Wang (who leads the participants to bow down), Mr. Jue (who is offered in the order of Da Chang) and Mr. Wen Leiding (who reads out the funeral ceremony). After that, the dutiful son made a farewell ceremony to his ancestors.

Buried coffins arrive at the cemetery and the graves are rearranged. First, level the bottom of the pit, erase the footprints, and light paper and silk, which means to keep the tomb warm and prevent the ancestors from feeling cold. Then, the coffin was lowered slowly, and the teacher of Yin and Yang sat back with a compass, and the dutiful son took the lead in shoveling and burying the pile. Don't throw the figure into the grave when you cover the soil. After covering with soil, the mourners walked around the cemetery three times, each grabbing a handful of soil and scattering it on the side of the house. Take another road when you go home.

Strange customs of Dragon Boat Festival

Dragon Boat Festival is an important traditional folk festival. It is called Dragon Boat Festival because the fifth day of May is the first afternoon in midsummer. In addition, there are different names such as May Festival, Duanyang Festival and Double Ninth Festival. Besides dragon boat races and eating zongzi, people are also familiar with the Dragon Boat Festival. In the old Leizhou Peninsula, flying kites, wearing sachets, drinking calamus wine and picking flowers were also popular.

The custom of eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival has a history of more than two thousand years. Liang in the Northern and Southern Dynasties wrote in "The Peace of Continuation of Qi": "Qu died in Miluo on May 5, and the Chu people mourned it. On this day, he threw rice in a bamboo tube as a sacrifice. " Later, kind people worried that zongzi would be "stolen by dragons" when thrown into the water, so people wrapped zongzi with neem leaves and colorful silk. It is said that both of them are feared by dragons. Neem leaf is a Chinese medicine, which is used to make zongzi and has the function of preventing diseases.

The early folk jiaozi (Tangyuan) was made of millet, so "Jiao Xiaomi" was also called "May Zongzi". In the old days, Leizhou people used to pick leaves to remove thorns, instead of weaving zongzi (commonly known as "zongzi") in the shape of mother duck, pen container, pot cover, olives and pillows, and making it out of corn or glutinous rice (the zongzi in Leizhou city is big and called big zongzi). The East China Sea Zongzi is big and long, so it is called Jiaotong University Zongzi. According to the word "Miao" in the annotation of Haikang County Records, "Miao was born in fields and hedges, and can be seen everywhere. Only those born in the sand are one or two feet tall, and they can't be a wood. Songkhla is more than ten feet high, but they are useless ... "

"Leizhou County Records" contains: May is the new moon, which is hung on the door as a realgar to enjoy. The boy is flying a kite. In the Japanese competition, the silver medal is hung on the boat with a pole, and the winner gets it, which is called "winning the bid". "Noon", set the tables, worship the family gods and ancestors. Feed the horn and millet together. Bathing in a stream is called "flowing choice"

In the old days, Leizhou people used zongzi and pork belly to worship their ancestors, and then the whole family had dinner for the holidays. On the fifth day of May, rural women with mugwort leaves on their heads came to Xihe in droves with "Dragon" in their hands, and let the "Dragon" float on the water for a while. This is Qu Yuan who sacrificed water. In the past, children were instructed to take a bath one by one in Xihe River, which was called "flow selection". It turns out that thunder and damp heat are sores. Most babies are born in the head. On this day, while taking a bath in the river, I sang: "The sores and pus are flowing, go to the East China Sea to find other children!" " Folk songs sung in Leizhou dialect. The Han Dynasty was formed in Leizhou City and was popular in Leizhou Peninsula. It is one of the four major dialect songs in Guangdong and one of the national 13 1 songs. Its meter is rigorous, with four sentences and seven words. The first, second and fourth sentences end in rhyme, the fourth, fourth and last words of the second sentence are all voiced, and the second sentence ends in falling tone. You can add two or three words to each capital sentence, which is called "Song Pad". There are many expressions of 10, such as fu, bi, xing, pun, overlapping, inversion, etc. Singing forms include solo and duet. Folk men, women and children can sing, sing casually when something happens, and export it into a song

Leizhou folk instrumental music. It started in Ming Dynasty, flourished in Qing Dynasty and was popular in Zhanjiang area of Leizhou Peninsula. Leizhou music can be divided into: your legend, warm atmosphere, magnificent; Small cards, smooth and beautiful melody, relaxed and lively; Sitting in the gatehouse is mostly used for celebrations, and musicians sit under the gatehouse (at the gate) to play; The stage is an atmosphere music between Leizhou Opera and Li Opera (Leizhou Puppet Opera), and it is also used in daily life. Lei Ju was originally named Leizhou Opera. Originated in Leizhou Song Dynasty, it was formed in Leizhou City in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Its vocal music and gongs and drums are unique. At first, Leizhou ballads were the main sound. Later, dozens of new sounds were created on the basis of the original sound, which can be divided into "Gao Tai" and "Lei Ju" according to the system.

Huguangyan World Geopark

Zhanjiang Huguangyan Scenic Area is located in the southwest of Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, about15km away from xiashan district. It is a scenic spot in Leizhou Peninsula and a famous crater tourist area in China. Appraised by the United Nations Geological Exploration Expert Group, Huguangyan is a Lake Mar formed by many flat volcanic eruptions from 16 to 14. The lake covers an area of 2.3 square kilometers, with a depth of 446 meters, including more than 400 meters of volcanic mud sediments and a depth of more than 20 meters. Lakes and volcanic mud contain more than 60 kinds of trace elements, which are rare "natural yearbooks" and "natural museums" in the world. There are only two lakes in the world. Huguangyan was originally called Jinghu Lake or Jinghu Lake.

In the third year of Song Jianyan (1 129), Li Gang, the prime minister, was exiled to Hainan, passing through Leizhou, Guangdong Province, and was invited by Shi Yan, then the elder of Huguangyan Lengyan Temple (both of them were fellow villagers in Fujian and classmates in Beijing) to visit Huguangyan in Suixi County, Leizhou. Drinking with monks under the moon, there is love on earth. At night, the moonlight is fine, the lake is full of moonlight, and the lake light reflects the wall, which is glorious and moving. Li Gang couldn't help writing "Huguangyan" off the cuff and then carving it on dolomite. "Baiyun Temple" has been burning incense continuously, and it was renamed "Cold Smoke Temple" in Qing Dynasty. "Leng Yan" is taken from Leng Yan Jing, and it has not changed.

Comrade Dong once summed it up in ten words: "Four mountains surround the lake, and the lake is as bright as a mirror". The essence of Huguangyan is a vast lake as pure as a mountain spring. Ma 'er Lake in Huguangyan is bigger than Ma 'er Lake in Germany. It is the largest Ma 'er Lake found in the world, and it is very natural and well preserved. There are no leeches, frogs and snakes in the lake, but there are a lot of fish and shrimp, and even giant tortoiseshell. No matter how fallen leaves and dust infect the lake for many years, after 5 hours, the lake has its own magical self-purification function, eliminating impurities without a trace. The lake is clear and bright, like a mirror. The beauty mystery of Huguangyan has always been a mystery in nature, attracting Chinese and foreign scientists to investigate and study. On June 5438+ 10, 2004, the two most typical lakes in the world-Huguang Yanmar Lake and Eifelmar Lake in Germany signed the Sino-German Sister Lake Cooperation Agreement and became "Sister Lakes". Huguangyan has more than 50 scenic spots with different shapes and sizes, and is known as the "natural oxygen bar". It is also a national water skiing training base, and once hosted the 2004 World Water Skiing Championships.

Mt. Sanling Forest Park

Guangdong Sanlingshan National Forest Park is located at the southernmost tip of Chinese mainland-three kilometers away from Zhanjiang City, with a total area of more than 22,685 mu (151ha) and a green coverage rate of 98%. It is the largest green protective barrier in Zhanjiang and is known as the "lung of the city" of Zhanjiang. Successfully established a provincial popular science education base, a national "AAA" tourist attraction, and a national level. Guangdong forest eco-tourism demonstration base; Guangdong's most popular go on road trip destination (scenic spot) was awarded the title of "Excellent Tourist Attraction". Its beautiful natural landscape is fascinating. Surrounded by mountains and waters, lakes and mountains, mountains of different sizes are rolling, gullies and canyons are in different shapes, trees are lush, clouds are lingering and flowers are overflowing. It is an ecological country park integrating tourism, popular science education, leisure and vacation, and sports and entertainment.

Sanling Mountain was called Niumuling in ancient times. Legend has it that it was named after a cow that sacrificed itself to save others was buried in the mountain. The remains of Niumuling tomb are still faintly visible. Forest Park is rich in plants, including 3 18 species of trees, 536 species of shrubs and 270 species of vegetation. Among them, there are 6 species of national first-and second-class protected plants; Wild animal resources are also very rich. * * * Vertebrate 4 classes 18 orders, 35 families, 89 species, including 9 species of national first-class and second-class protected animals. Leizu Temple, less than 3 kilometers southwest of Leizhou City, Guangdong Province, is full of cigarettes and tourists. The oldest cultural relic in Leizhou, with a history of over 1300 years, has also become a good place for many local overseas tourists to visit their relatives in China. Leizu Temple was built in memory of Chen Wenyu, the secretariat of Leizhou in Tang Dynasty. Founded in the 16th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (642), it has a history of 1 and 37 1 year. After several generations of renovation and expansion, it has become one of the largest ancestral temples in Lingnan area, with 1996, and is listed as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Leizu Temple is one of the eight scenic spots in Leiyang. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, celebrities and bachelors have paid their respects and left many poems. Kou Zhun's "Inscription on Chen Sima Zhai of Liuling" can recite it backwards: "Riding to the soul is fortunate to have bureaucrats with him. The characters are bustling, and the scenery must enter Danqing. " Leizu Temple is rich in cultural relics, including the Millennium Stone Man, the Qianlong Imperial Kicking Monument, the Ancient Well, the Leigu, the Leiche, the Millennium Turtle, and more than 30 inscriptions in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are important objects and materials for studying Leizhou's history, culture and folk customs. In Leizu Temple, we can find the context of Leizhou culture. The Shixian Temple, located on the north side of the West Lake in Leizhou, Guangdong Province, was built in the tenth year of Song Xianchun (1274) to commemorate the top ten famous ministers in the Song Dynasty, such as Prime Minister Kou Zhun, Bachelor Su Shi, Assistant Minister Su Zhe, Zhengzi Qin Guan, Shu Ren, Ren, Prime Minister Li Gang and editor Li Guang. They are noble, upright, knowledgeable and have outstanding achievements. There is also the Record of Leizhou Ten Immortals written by Wen Tianxiang, which is called Ten Immortals. In order to express the mind of Leizhou people, as Wen Tianxiang said, that is, "respecting sages as teachers and hating diseases as enemies".

According to the exhibits in the temple, Kou Zhun stayed in Leizhou for a long time, about 18 months, and died in Leizhou. He is honest and upright, honest and clean, and is deeply loved by the people. Although his position in Leizhou is only a junior official, he is still diligent and loves the people. Several paintings in "Kougong Temple" recorded his achievements in Leizhou: building Zhenwutang, teaching communication art, so that future generations of villagers can also study; Teach astronomy and geography and get rid of fallacies and heresies; Teach advanced production technology to promote economic development; Spreading the culture of the Central Plains and teaching the voice of Zhongzhou to the local people promoted the communication between the local people and the Central Plains. It is said that after Kou Zhun's death, Mrs Kou got permission from the imperial court to help transport the coffin back to Luoyang for burial. On the day of departure, Leizhou people were sent to escort the coffin. The hearse team arrived at a ferry, and it was stormy. The villagers were afraid of flooding the coffin, so they put bamboo sticks in their hands to protect it. The next day, I saw that these bamboo sticks had taken root and sprouted into a forest. This ferry is called "Kouzhudu".

Li Gang was demoted to Leizhou, lived in Tianning Temple and wrote more than 20 poems, expressing his deep patriotic feelings. His integrity made him more admired by the local people. ...

Although the "Ten Sages" died, after hundreds of years of wind and rain, their ink fragrance and righteousness became more and more intense, which shaped the character of Leizhou people "taking evil as the enemy and respecting sages as teachers". The three elements of the three-element tower are champion, social element, solution element, people [1] expecting talents, praying for champion, second place, exploring flowers, and good wishes. Climbing the tower means that the champion is in high school and is promoted step by step.

Sanyuan Tower is located in the beautiful Baisha Mountain, 3 kilometers east of Decheng Town. It was built in the 27th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1599). It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Guangdong Province. It turns out that people in the state are praying for the first place in the imperial examinations at all levels, hence the name "Sanyuan". The tower is octagonal in plane and 53 meters high. It is a pavilion-style brick tower with nine floors outside and seventeen floors inside. The cave wall is 3 meters thick, and the geometric figures of the temple wall are very beautiful. Through-wall winding flat seat structure. The foundation consists of red sandstone and granite. The eaves beams, corner columns and door frames are all red and white. The four sides of Mount Sumi are engraved with relief patterns, and the corners are engraved with Totalix with different expressions. It is said that when the tower was suspended, craftsmen chose precious silver-red mortar instead of ordinary earth-red mortar according to the strict requirement of "Xin Xu is not allowed to get old". Therefore, despite 400 years of storms and lightning attacks, it is still bright and has the reputation of "only new and not old". Guisheng Academy, located in xuwen county, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, was founded in the 19th year of Ming Wanli (A.D. 159 1). The academy faces south, and the central axis is the quadrangle layout of the front hall, the middle hall, the pavilion and the back hall in turn.

Each building has six study rooms, namely, erudition, interrogation, careful thinking and so on 12 study rooms. 1 985, Guangdong Provincial Cultural Management Committee and xuwen county Municipal People's Government allocated funds to rebuild and pave the stone road in the hospital; 1989 was announced as a cultural relic protection unit in Guangdong province.

Tang Xianzu was demoted to Xu Wen in ancient times, and Xu Wen was appointed as the deputy director of the police station in charge of household registration. Seeing that Xu Wen has no learning, there are few scholars; In particular, seeing that the local people are "suicidal and don't understand etiquette", they can't help but send out the voice that "the nature of heaven and earth is expensive" and "know life knows that everything in the world is expensive"; With a meager salary, he founded Guisheng Academy with Xiong Min, a magistrate of a county, to recruit students to learn and spread the advanced culture and ideas of the Central Plains. Since then, the number of local scholars has gradually increased, and respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching has become a common practice. In particular, his theory of "aristocratic life" is full of strong humanistic color, which has aroused great interest of future generations. According to local officials, the Renaissance in Europe was in full swing and capitalism sprouted in China. According to the theory that the economic base determines the superstructure, Tang Xianzu's development of humanism is just in time.

The trees in front of the academy are towering, with dense branches and leaves; The flowers and plants in the yard are green and the house is bright. The local people said that Tang Xianzu advocated education, which symbolized the dispersion of his thoughts and has always influenced future generations. The Mooncherry well on the right hand side of the gate is the well that Tang Xianzu drank when he first arrived in Xuwen. Legend has it that it was at night that his thoughts came to mind and he created The Peony Pavilion. After returning to the Central Plains from here, I got out of control and created three other works, collectively called Linchuan Four Dreams. Haikang Port is a famous old fishing port with deep water and still water. Located 38 kilometers southwest of Leizhou City, it belongs to Beihe Town. Kanggang Market in the south-south of the town is where the North River is located in Haikang County, the capital of Gulei Prefecture, hence the name Haikang Port, which became a port in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1394). The Bay Harbor Basin is 1.400 meters long, 1.900 meters wide and 400 meters narrow, with a water area of 403 square kilometers. The average water depth of the waterway is 2 to 3 meters, and the deepest part is 9 meters. There are more than 65,438 sheltered fishing boats in the harbor. The nearby sea area is rich in white butterflies, and there are pearl farms in the harbor.

Haikang Port is a pearl on the west bank of Beibu Gulf in Leizhou Peninsula, with a history of 1600 years. Walking into Haikang Port is like reading a yellow thread-bound book and a suitable ink painting.

Haikang Port was once the seat of the Beihe Research Institute in Haikang County in history. Located at the exit of Beibu Gulf, the land and water transportation is very convenient and the economy is very prosperous. But at the same time, it was vulnerable to the invasion of pirates who were rampant at that time. Later, the court was forced to move the county seat to the present Leizhou city. Since then, Haikang Port has gradually become a forgotten corner. As the only site, the county town entered the city wall and had the entrance to the city, which was kept until the early days of reform and opening up. Unfortunately, in the mid-1980s, villagers who lacked protection consciousness gradually demolished the city walls, which made people feel sorry!

During the Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18), the former North River House in Haikang County was built here, and it was renamed as Haikang Port after the 1970s. At present, there is an ancient city wall on the south bank of the port less than 100 meters away from the ancient port, which is the site of the ancient city wall where the North River is located in Haikang County. It was demolished in the 1970s, and the walls were all bluestone. Standing in front of the ancient city wall, I stroked pieces of clearly identifiable ancient stone bricks, pieces of bluestone texture, small bumps, and pieces of moss-covered historical "seals", as if I saw the legendary pirate "Wushi No.2", the endless sea in the distance, the fishing boats returning from the wind and waves, and the images of generations of fishermen in Haikang Port. ...

Local custom

It has reached 2 1 century in a blink of an eye. No matter how noisy and modern the outside world is, it seems that it can't affect the tranquility of this old man in Kanggang. You see, it's only a few hundred meters wide, and there are still very traditional ferries on the north and south sides of Haikang Port pier. Qishui Town is on the north bank and Beihe Town is on the south bank, which is quite clear. For people in the two places, the most convenient way to communicate is by ferry. There are two simple docks on both sides of the river that are not busy. It's very simple because there are only two very simple ferry boats at the two docks, going back and forth. Loading is limited to people and motorcycles and bicycles. Not expensive either. According to fishermen, it costs three or five dollars to go back and forth by boat.

When I arrived at the dock, I saw fishing boats moored in the harbor basin. There are more than 0/00 fishing boats in Haikang Port, large and small/kloc. Most of them are boats of local fishermen, hunting under the national flag. Not far away, there are rows of fish cages floating in the bay. Flocks of seagulls, cranes and birds flew around, causing a burst of exclamation. This is a natural sheltered fishing port, and the port is only a few kilometers away from Beibu Gulf. In the heyday of Haikang Port, fishing boats from Lingao, Lianjiang Anpu and Suixi Jianghong in Hainan often docked here for trading. During the peak period, more than 200 fishing boats dock every day, and the trade of seafood and fishing goods reaches 1000 tons.