Which stage does the "desert saber" in the "desert storm" of the Gulf War refer to?

Desert Saber 1990 1990 On the morning of August 2, 1990, 654.38 million Iraqi troops crossed the Iraq-Kuwait border and launched a surprise attack, occupying Kuwait in only 1 0 hour, thus detonating the Gulf crisis that shocked the world. In the past five and a half months, the international community's peace efforts have finally achieved nothing. 199165438+1October 17 At 2: 30 in the morning, the first Tomahawk cruise missile launched by an American warship in the Gulf exploded in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, which finally opened the curtain of the Gulf War. The multinational forces led by the United States carried out 38 days of strategic bombing and tactical air strikes against Iraq, dispatched planes112,000 sorties, launched 288 cruise missiles and dropped more than 200,000 tons of bombs, which seriously paralyzed Iraq's military machinery and destroyed more than 50% of the Iraqi front-line troops. In this case, the United States is determined to launch a decisive battle on the ground, completely defeat Saddam Hussein's army and drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait, so as to relieve American hatred. By mid-February, the multinational force * * * had assembled about 600,000 ground troops, 3,700 tanks (including 2,000 US troops), 3,000 armored vehicles (2,000 US troops) and/kloc-0.6 million large and medium-sized artillery and rockets (/kloc-0.2 million US troops). There are about 450,000 people directly involved in ground operations in attack force. They come from the United States, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain. The main force is naturally the United States, and other countries, except Britain and France, each send a multi-division. The armies of Arab countries participated in the war mainly as symbolic forces. The commander-in-chief of the multinational force is Norman, commander of the US Central Command. Schwartz, a four-star general. The ground combat plan code-named "Desert Saber" was drawn up by General schwarzkopf according to the idea of "air-ground integrated combat" he studied for many years and his personal experience in commanding Panamanian landing operations. Its main contents are as follows: by means of large-scale landing feint and some troops breaking through the Shako border, the main force of the Iraqi army is contained and pushed to Kuwait City and its north; Concentrate on the main armored forces, cooperate with the rapid assault forces, detour from the Iraqi defensive flank to Basra, and take a double attack with the advancing forces to surround and annihilate the main Iraqi forces. In order to implement the "Desert Saber" plan, the multinational forces deployed three attack groups from left to right (from west to east) along the border between Shay and Shako. The left wing is the western attack group, which is deployed in the middle of the Shay border. It consists of the US 10 1 Airborne Division, the 82nd Airborne Division, the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division, the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 6th French Light Armored Division under the command of Lieutenant General Luck. Its task is to detour into the Euphrates River valley, the hinterland of Iraq, cut off the communication lines of the Iraqi army in Kuwait, and cooperate with the central attack group to surround the Iraqi army and the National Guard; In the middle is the central attack group, which is deployed in the eastern section of the Shayi border. It consists of British 1 Armored Division, 3rd Armored Division, 1 Cavalry Division, 1 Mechanized Infantry Division, 3rd Brigade of 3rd Mechanized Infantry Division and 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, 1 Armored Division. Its task is as the main attack of the campaign, planning to detour to the southern part of Iraq and carry out a major assault on the area south of Basra, and with the cooperation of the east and west attack groups, panic in the elite Iraqi troops deployed in this area-* * * and the National Guard; The right wing is the East Attack Group, which is deployed in the western section of the Shako border section. It consists of the 1 Marine Division and the 2nd Marine Division under the command of the US Navy 1 Marine Expeditionary Force, as well as participating troops from Arab countries. Its task is to recover Kuwait, attract the attention of the Iraqi army and squeeze the Iraqi army from south to north. In addition, there are more than 30 amphibious assault ship ships deployed in Kuwaiti coastal waters, carrying18,000 marines, ready to land on the beach at any time to contain the Iraqi army. This deployment embodies Schwartz's idea of a large-scale circuitous attack, the front and depth of which are nearly 500 kilometers. The descendant of this German immigrant has a Germanic style and tradition, and his "air-ground battle" and "desert saber" are also reminiscent of Germany's "blitzkrieg" and "sickle-wielding action" sweeping France. Schwartz claimed that when attacking Saddam's army, "we should be everywhere, on their heads, feet, left and right, back and forth, below, inside, anywhere!" " Iraqi President Saddam Hussein deployed 465,438+0 divisions and more than 540,000 people in Kuwait and the southern tip of Iraqi territory, equipped with more than 3,000 tanks, 2,800 armored vehicles and 2,000 cannons to defend Kuwait, which he declared as a province of Iraq. These troops are centered on Basra, an important town in southern Iraq, and distributed in three directions in a fan shape: Kuwait, the "neutral zone" on the border between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and the western town of Sellerman, with Kuwait as the main attack direction. In these three directions, the Iraqi army is basically from south to north, in a three-line echelon configuration. On the first line, the 19 division started along the Sha Yi-Kuwait border and the east coast of Kuwait; The second line is located about 55 kilometers behind the first line, about 15 division. The third line is along the Iraq-Kuwait border and from Basra to Nasiriyah. Seven divisions were launched, five of which were stationed in the south of Basra. This step-by-step deployment in the north-south direction makes the defense focus of the Iraqi army completely in Kuwait, and the western forces are empty, which is the main direction of the multinational forces. The strength of the Iraqi army was greatly weakened by the air strikes of the multinational forces. Saddam realized that Kuwait was difficult to hold, so in February 15, he announced the conditional withdrawal of troops from Kuwait. However, it is not easy for Saddam to get away from Kuwait. Americans don't give him a chance to retreat gracefully in diplomacy, and the wayward Saddam Hussein is not very good at playing the trick of "heroes don't eat short-term losses" with the United States. On February 2 1 day, Saddam announced through the Soviet Union that he accepted a new plan to end the war peacefully, that is, if the United States agreed to a ceasefire, Iraq would withdraw its troops from Kuwait and withdraw within three weeks. President Bush's mediation with the Kremlin set many harsh conditions for Saddam's withdrawal. In Bush's words: "This is just to fool the Russians. Our aerial bombing has been going on for more than a month. I don't want to make any more deals, but I don't want to ignore Gorbachev. After all, he has supported us for so long. " The situation has developed to the present, and his and Saddam's ideas have been completely reversed. Saddam wanted to run, but he didn't want him to run. His interest is no longer in Kuwait. He's worried about Saddam Hussein's army. He will use this rare opportunity to get rid of this menace, at least so that the Iraqi army will not pose a threat to the interests of the United States in the Middle East for a long time. Before launching the ground attack, the multinational forces continued to conduct training exercises along the Iraqi army's frontal defense in the area south of the Shako border, and constantly attacked the Iraqi army north of the border, creating the illusion that they would attack from this area and inducing the Iraqi army to attack the main force of Kuwait's southern defense line. At the same time, the US Navy held a landing exercise in the coastal waters of Kuwait and bombed Iraqi positions on the eastern coast of Kuwait with naval guns. It also stepped up its propaganda campaign and deliberately leaked false information to confuse the Iraqi army. At this time, under the air strikes and electronic interference of the US military, the Iraqi army has lost its reconnaissance means and cannot accurately grasp the deployment of multinational forces. It mistakenly thought that the focus of the multinational force attack was the Iraqi army in southern Kuwait, so it stuck to its original position, which was exactly what schwarzkopf wanted. On the day before launching the ground offensive, schwarzkopf transferred the main offensive forces of the 7th Army and the18th Airborne Army of the US Army from the border area of Shako to the west wing where Iraqi defense was weak. He said: "Kuwait is like a small yard. I just want to surround Saddam's divisions in the courtyard of Kuwait and eat them. " At 22: 00 pm on February 23rd, President Bush announced at the White House: "In view of the fact that the Iraqi government has not agreed to withdraw its troops from Kuwait after the noon deadline today, I have ordered schwarzkopf, commander of the US military in the Gulf, to use American ground troops to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait together with other participating countries." He claimed that this decision was made after extensive consultation with the allied forces, and he believed that General schwarzkopf could "complete his mission quickly and decisively". Two hours after Bush made the above statement, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein made a radio address in his underground command post, calling on Iraqis to use all weapons in their hands to resist to the death. He said that Iraq made concessions in order to solve the crisis peacefully, and the multinational forces led by the United States forced Iraq, so there was only a fight to the death. He kept telling his troops to "strike them". He said that he believes that in this ground battle, "all advanced weapons are meaningless" and the Iraqi army with "loyalty and faith" "will definitely win".

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