Historical and cultural knowledge

Let me answer the first question: The biggest difference between European feudalism and China feudalism lies in the degree of centralization. Under the feudal system in China, centralization was quite centralized, and several books were under the rule of man. The monarch's power is almost unlimited, and he has a strong ruling power over local governments. The local governor only has sovereignty, not territorial rights. However, under the feudal system in Europe, the monarch only has direct sovereignty over his own territory. Feudals are everywhere in Europe, and in several books, the whole territory has been enfeoffed. The local governor is the Lord, and the land of the Lord cannot be directly deprived by the monarch. Local civilians are loyal to the local lords first, and then the local lords are loyal to the monarch. The concentration of monarchical power is not enough, which is completely based on the loyalty of the feudal lords.

Ps: China is politically independent, and religion has basically not entered the ruling class; In Europe, politics and religion have the right to rule at the same time, and even the right to teach is above the political power.

1, China is and will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time. Generally speaking, the level of productivity in China is still relatively low at this stage; The level of science and technology and the quality of national culture are not high enough; The concrete socialist system is still not perfect.

2. China is a big agricultural country, and farmers account for the vast majority of our population. In recent years, the income growth of farmers in China is slow, and the income gap between urban and rural areas is too large, which has affected the improvement of farmers' living standards and dampened their enthusiasm for production.

Formulating social and economic development strategies and designing social and economic development models according to national conditions are the basic requirements for ensuring scientific development and the fundamental guarantee for coordinated and balanced social development. It is our urgent task to correctly understand and grasp the national conditions of China.

What is the national situation we are facing in building a new countryside?

1, China is a big agricultural country, not a strong agricultural country.

After the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in China's social structure, but no fundamental changes have taken place-China is still a country where agriculture accounts for a large proportion of the national economy, that is to say, China is basically a big agricultural country, not an industrial country.

Compared with developed countries, this is a big disadvantage for us. However, the advantages and disadvantages are relative, not absolute. From the point of view that the first need of population survival and development is food, large agricultural countries have their own development advantages. China, in particular, has a population of16 in the world and is a populous country. Without the advantages of being a big agricultural country, it will be difficult for us to ensure food self-sufficiency, let alone provide food aid to other countries.

We should look at the world and China.

When all countries in the world are actively developing industry and service industry, a report released by FAO on June 9, 2006 shocked the world. According to the report, the world is facing the worst food crisis in 30 years. There are 40 countries with different degrees of food shortage, and they are in urgent need of food aid from the international community, otherwise they may face famine. According to American media reports, at present, global grain reserves can barely meet people's needs for more than 50 days, and have fallen below the safety line of grain reserves for 70 days. Are these warnings exaggerated? What is the world food security situation?

According to the list published by FAO, there are 26 African countries (Angola, Burundi, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe and so on. ) and 65,438+00 Asian countries (Afghanistan, Indonesia, Iraq, North Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, etc. ).

The report titled "Agricultural Harvest Forecast and Grain Situation" shows that crop reduction in some parts of the world is a foregone conclusion in 2006, and the global grain output is estimated to be only 2010.30 billion tons, which is the second consecutive year of decline compared with 2.68 billion tons in 2004. The USDA's forecast of global grain production is even more pessimistic. It thinks that in 2006, there will be only 654.38+98.4 million tons, which means that there will be a lot of gaps to be filled by the grain reserves in previous years.

Food security is not only to solve the problem of food and clothing, but also its strategic significance cannot be underestimated. At present, the uneven distribution of grain in the world is a major feature. There are nearly1500 million hectares of cultivated land in the world, and nearly12 is used for food production. From the perspective of continents, world grain production is mainly concentrated in Asia, Europe and North America. Grain exporting countries are mainly concentrated in more than 10 countries, while the number of importing countries is more than 100. In recent years, the United States, Canada, France, Australia and other countries are not only big grain storage countries, but also control about 80% of the world's grain exports. Some developed countries rely on advanced technology and vast arable land resources to produce food far exceeding their own consumption, which has become a "weapon" for other countries' political and economic intervention.

There are four main reasons for the current food shortage in some parts of the world:

The first is geographical factors. Land degradation, the decrease of cultivated land, the serious imbalance between people and land, and the inability to meet food supply have led to perennial food shortages in many countries, such as sub-Saharan Africa.

The second is natural disasters. The unusually hot and dry weather has reduced the production of many grain-producing countries in the world to varying degrees. Unprecedented floods in India and Pakistan have left millions of people homeless and without food; In Nepal, about 45,000 people are affected by drought and floods, and are in urgent need of external food aid. Abnormal weather has also had a serious impact on Sudan and some areas in East Africa, making the poor life of local farmers worse.

Third, the political situation is unstable and the war continues. Iraq, Afghanistan, Sudan and other countries are affected by regional conflicts and the deterioration of the security situation, and many local residents are waiting for international food aid.

The fourth is the policy factor. The international market policy and national development policy are unscientific, even deviating from the basic needs of human nature and human survival and development, blindly encouraging industrial development and forming a social deformity pattern. Not only are industrial products inedible, but some industrial production also depends on agriculture and consumes food.

As a big agricultural country and a populous country, China has always been concerned by the world on the food issue, and has made its own contribution to solving the world food problem. In the last century, American sociologist Lester Brown wrote a book "Who Will Feed China" and hyped up the "China food threat theory". In neighboring Japan, there are voices constantly worrying that China people will "eat" their food.

The fact is that China was not raised by others, but supported many people in the world. Over the past 25 years, more than 20% of the world's major agricultural products have come from China, and China's annual grain output has increased from 300 million tons to 500 million tons, which not only answers Brown's question with facts, but also wins the official praise of the United Nations Development Programme that "China's contribution to the global Millennium Development Goals cannot be overestimated", and at the same time makes the so-called "China food threat theory" self-defeating.

The year 2006 was a watershed. Since then, China stopped receiving food aid from the United Nations. In September, the World Food Program reported that in 2005, China became the world's third largest food aid donor, second only to the United States and the European Union. The report said that in 2005, China's foreign food aid increased by 2.6 times compared with the previous year. The main target of China's foreign food aid is North Korea, and other recipient countries are Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Sri Lanka and other countries above 10.

According to the FAO report, about15 countries in the world are in a state of food shortage, so will this situation spread and lead to worldwide famine? Johansson, a food expert at Swedish Agricultural Science and Technology University, said in an interview with the Global Times that the core of the famine problem is how much food can meet the current population demand. Experts from different countries have different statistics on this issue. For example, there is a book in the United States called "The Way to Save", which holds that there are only 500 million to 900 million people in the world, and the rest are "redundant" and should be eliminated. Experts from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations have calculated that the potential supply of cultivated land in the world is 36 billion people. In recent years, most scholars believe that according to the current economic development speed and scientific and technological level, the limit population of food supply should be around 1 1 billion.

Johansson believes that from a global perspective, the current food supply can basically meet the demand, and it will be the same in the next few years, but as long as the imbalance between food supply and demand is not eliminated, famine will become a normal state in some countries. At the same time, he also pointed out that the turmoil caused by famine, such as migration, will in turn affect the developed countries that produce and export food, so that global famine is not an alarmist.

In my opinion, the disadvantage of China is not that it is a big agricultural country, but that it is not a strong agricultural country. If China becomes a powerful agricultural country, it will not only achieve faster and better sustainable social and economic development, but also play a greater role in world progress.

The proportion of agricultural input in fiscal expenditure in developed countries is usually above 10%. 190, the proportion of China's financial expenditure on agriculture was 10%, and it fell to 6.3% in195 and 5.5% in 2006. There was an increase in 2006, which can be said to be the largest investment in agriculture since the founding of New China, but there is still a big gap compared with the actual needs of new rural construction. Insufficient agricultural investment has led to many related work not being carried out normally, and there have been problems such as policy implementation fault, infrastructure fault, scientific research fault and agricultural technology popularization fault.

Of the population of 654.38+03 billion, 70% are farmers, but the quality of farmers is very low, most of them have not received systematic education, only have junior high school education, and there are a considerable number of illiterate and semi-illiterate.

Except for a few mechanized large farms, the vast rural areas still use iron plows, wooden strips and cattle, and the production tools are extremely backward, which is not essentially different from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Part of the land on which farmers depend for survival cannot be fallow due to four seasons cultivation, resulting in extremely thin soil fertility; Some people have been farming, grazing and eating by the weather since ancient times because they are far away from water sources and have no irrigation conditions; Some have destroyed the natural environment, leading to increasingly serious desertification and salinization.

Except rice, wheat, corn and other fine varieties have been popularized in some rural areas, most of the whole grains still use ordinary seeds and follow the traditional farming methods, and the output and scientific and technological content of agricultural products are extremely low. Many places don't even have a decent machine, and the value-added transformation ability of agricultural products processing is extremely weak, even almost equal to zero.

The degree of agricultural organization is very low, and the production and operation are scattered by the family, so it is impossible to carry out intensive operation and scale operation. The mountain village has limited arable land and is not suitable for large-scale farming. However, the vast plain is also covered with wheat in the east and corn in the west. Field management is extremely extensive, short-term behavior is serious, and there is neither scale benefit nor long-term benefit.

Agricultural labor productivity and land output rate of agricultural products are very low, agricultural products are high in cost and poor in quality, and prices are on a downward trend. Not only are they not competitive in the international market, farmers are also facing the embarrassing situation of increasing production without increasing income.

2. China is a country with a large population, and farmers are the main citizens.

India

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India is located in the Indian subcontinent in southern Asia. It is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of one billion and hundreds of languages. If calculated by purchasing power parity, India is the fourth largest economy in the world.

India's topography is divided into three parts: the Himalayas are located on the Sino-Indian border in western Nepal, the Ganges Plain is in the north, and the Deccan Plateau is in the south.

The name "India" comes from Sanskrit and is named after the Indus River. Indians call themselves "bharata" (/bhā rata). Countries bordering India include Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, Sikkim (India has incorporated it into its own country and no longer regards it as a neighbor), Nepal and Pakistan, and India faces Sri Lanka and Maldives across the sea. Moreover, from India's point of view, Afghanistan is also one of its neighbors.

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1 history

2 politics

Three administrative districts

3. 1 status

3.2 Common territory

3.3 State capital

4 geography

5 Economy

6 population

7 culture

Other 8 people

9 external link

[Edit] History

See: Indian history.

Indian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a history of about 5000 years. In BC 1500, Aryan tribes from northwest invaded here; Their combination with the local people created the classic Vedic culture. After that, Arabs invaded this land in the 8th century, followed by Turks who arrived in the 2nd century and European businessmen who arrived here at the end of the 5th century.

After defeating the local Mughal Empire, Britain successfully gained control of India in the19th century. The non-violent resistance movement led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru finally won full independence for India in 1947. The subcontinent was eventually divided into "secular" India and smaller Muslim country Pakistan.

Despite India's remarkable economic achievements, she still faces many challenges, such as territorial conflict with Pakistan on Kashmir, population expansion, environmental damage, poverty and ethnic and religious conflicts in India.