The achievements of Pius X.

During the PIX period, the diplomatic focus inherited the situation of Liang XIII, that is, the relationship between France and politics and the kingdom of Italy.

French secularism movement

France is the most important Catholic country in continental Europe and has long been called "the favorite daughter of the church". But since the Napoleonic era, the relationship between politics and religion in France has been tense for a long time; 1798 In February, the French Revolutionary Army hijacked Pope pope pius vi from the Vatican to France; Later, he was forced to pay huge reparations; 1801July, Napoleon forced the Vatican to sign a peace agreement and completely controlled the church under the state; Since then, the policies of successive French governments have always been in a state of vacillation; In the early days of the establishment of the Third Republic, it adopted a tolerant policy towards the Catholic Church. 1879 65438+ 10, Republican party member Francois Paul Jules Grevy was elected French president, advocating strict liquidation of the church; 1880 issued a decree to restrict the Catholic order from engaging in educational work; 1882, which deleted the religious content in the national compulsory education; 1886, monks were banned from working in public schools. In this regard, Pope Liang XIII once hoped that French Catholicism would safeguard the rights of the church through legal means in the encyclical "Worry".

The Dreyfus case in 1896 and the French movement incident in 1898 made the relationship between the church and the government more tense. 1901July, French Prime Minister Valdé k Rousseau asked Catholic religious organizations to register with the government within a time limit; 1902 In August, Premier émile Combes of the Radical Party forcibly closed about 30,000 church schools that were not registered by the government, and banned churches from building new schools; 1904 churches were completely banned from engaging in education, and some church education industries were sealed up and auctioned.

1904 March 18, Pius X made a speech against the French government's ban on Catholicism in youth education, which was strongly protested by the French government. 1904 In early April, French President Emile Ruby visited Rome and met with the Italian king. Pius X immediately refused to meet Emile Lube; 1On April 28th, 904, the Holy See sent a letter to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to protest against the French President's visit to Rome, which was a tacit approval of the "illegal" annexation of Rome by the Italian Kingdom. 1904 On May 25th, France recalled its ambassador to the Holy See; As a means of revenge, Pius X announced that he would give "absolute punishment" to two bishops who supported the government of China. 1904 On July 30th, France announced that it would sever diplomatic relations with the Holy See; So monasteries were closed nationwide, forcing monasticism to return to secularism; Therefore, Catholics are under surveillance.

1905, 1905 On February 5, 2005, the French government promulgated the Decree on Separation of Church and State, which cancelled the financial subsidies to Catholicism and nationalized all the real estate of the church. 1906 In February, Pius X sent a letter to the French Episcopal College to protest against French religious and political decrees, and at the same time asked the French Episcopal College to "cherish interests beyond material interests", preferring to lose religious property and never compromise with the French government; 1On August 4th, 906, Pix X issued a circular on "violence", which once again refuted the provisions on religious association in the Church Law, and at the same time prohibited believers from joining the societies and associations that opposed the canonization of the church. Since then, under the rule of Portugal and Britain, Ireland's secularism movement, Pius X, has also taken a firm stand against it.

Policy towards Italy

1870 On September 20th, the Kingdom of Italy occupied Rome by force; Pope pius ix retired to the Vatican; Refusing to recognize the legitimacy of Italy's occupation of the papal state; During Pix, he still adhered to this principle; However, for the purpose of opposing capitalism, socialism, liberalism and anarchism, it is allowed to conditionally refuse to implement the provisions of pius ix's "No" circular prohibiting Italian Catholics from accepting government posts and participating in political voting; In addition, the penalty for "stopping the sacrament" of the Italian royal family is still valid.

Russia's Policy towards the Tsar

Pius X was very concerned about the situation of Polish Catholicism and Russian Catholicism under Russian rule, especially the merger of Ukrainian Catholicism, and expressed the hope to improve relations with the Orthodox Church. At that time, due to the nationalization policy of the church in czarist Russia, he didn't get a response. Modernism came into being in the second half of19th century, and it first came into being in France. It means that some church people oppose scholasticism and advocate the reform of church system and theological thought, which is in line with modern science to meet the needs of modern society; Later, in the process of revival, it was adopted by nationalists and atheists as a tool against the church; /kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, it became increasingly fierce in the church. In the late period of pius ix and Liang XIII, modernist theology was refuted.

1904 12, Pius X, in his speech to all bishops of the Holy See, warned bishops to "be alert to the dominant and fearless criticism of modernity."

1On July 3, 907, Pix X issued a "sad" circular condemning 65 modernist propositions; The Pope regards these claims as a distortion of the Bible and faithfulness, morality and Austria. 1907 On July 4th, at the behest of Pius X, the Pontifical Council of the Holy See promulgated the Catalogue of Modernist Fallacies, condemning all the arguments of modernism about faith and enlightenment, church system and so on.

1September 8, 907, Pius X issued the encyclical "Shepherd", which attributed modernism to "organized gathering in an attempt to overthrow the sacred system of the church"; "This is the synthesis of all heresies, an unorthodox logical conclusion formed in the problematic movement, which not only destroyed the Roman Catholic Church ... but also destroyed any religion"; The encyclical accuses the mistakes of modernism as "agnosticism and internalism", and accuses Christianity of "modern critical hermeneutics" as "heresy".

Since then, Pius X has strengthened the authority of the "Bible Committee" and asked all parishes in the world to set up supervision committees to review church publications and public speeches by priests; Strictly regulate the application restrictions for students from various monasteries to attend social public universities; /kloc-at the beginning of 0/908, Pius X expelled Alfred Loisi, the leader of modernism, from the Catholic Church. 1June, 909, the Pontifical Bible College was established, which enriched the research and teaching of bibliography.

19 10 In September, Pi Xi X issued an instruction, demanding that those who accept great gods (deacons, deacons and priests), religious degrees and positions must swear against modernism.

For the popular view at that time, Catholicism should rise social movements and mass organizations to fight materialism; Pius X also expressed opposition and condemned the "Mori Movement" in Italy and the "Xiyong" Movement of the French Catholic Democratic Party. The Pope believes that this move will tilt religion towards politics. Pix was later called "Pope Pastoral",1903165438+1October 20th. Pix pointed out in the circular of Concerned Events that "the true spirit of longing for Christ is ignited in every believer's heart ... In the temple, believers can touch this spirit, which is the most important and indispensable. To this end, he appointed the young Spanish Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val as the State Secretary of the Holy See to help him carry out reforms and adapt the Holy See to the progress of modern society.

Lord's Supper

Since the Middle Ages, especially after the Pontifical Council of Trento, Catholics rarely accept the Eucharist because of the strict restrictions of theological theory and church tradition. In this regard, 1905, 1905 on February 20, 2005, Pius X issued an encyclical "Receive the Eucharist diligently", reiterating the importance of all believers receiving the Eucharist many times a day, which is "what our Lord Christ expects" and "The Eucharist is the fastest and shortest way to heaven". 19 10 issued a circular on children receiving communion, which relaxed the restrictions on children's first communion and confession.

Reorganizing music and reviving forehead: a short hymn

1October 22nd, 1903, 165438+Pix X issued the instruction "motoproprio", which pointed out that "the goal of ritual music has lofty and sacred quality and should be enjoyed by kind people and show the solemnity of etiquette, so as to meet the needs of all people, countries and times in a simple and perfect life"; Later, in Caring, the encyclical also pointed out that "sacred music must be sacred, so it is necessary to exclude not only all blasphemy itself, but also how those players interpret it." In recent centuries, the Pope has criticized the phenomenon of putting the cart before the horse in popular etiquette by overemphasizing the complexity and trend of music techniques. 1904, we set up a foundation to sort out the church music, entrusted French Benedictines to modify and renovate it, and advocated restoring the chanting on the forehead. 1907, the sacred music movement was carried out again.

Other etiquette reforms

19 1 1 year, issued the circular of "Revelation of the Holy Spirit", reducing the number of 18 hymns in church Sunday classes to 12 hymns on weekdays to nine, so as to facilitate the comprehensive pastoral work of clergy; At the same time, the ceremonial year was reorganized, and the dates of some celebrations and festivals were cancelled and changed to take care of the lives of believers and meet the needs of society.

Reform of church institutions

1904, 19 in March, the special decree of Pius X established a code revision Committee to institutionalize and systematize the church law; 1905 regulates the management of religious organizations, and the establishment of all religious organizations must be reported by the parish bishop and approved by the Pope. Social organizations are prohibited from administering clergy. 1908, various institutions of the holy see were reorganized, their respective responsibilities were clarified, the original Vatican personnel fund-raising system was abolished, and the salary system of designated grades was determined, and the Roman Supreme Court was reorganized into a Ministry. Abolish the bishop's debriefing system since Pope Sistine V and change it to once every five years. 1June, 909, he supported the Jesuits to establish the Pontifical Bible Institute to study and educate the Bible.

Holy Mary

Pius X highly praised the Virgin Mary; On February 7th, 1904, 1904, the imperial edict "Until that day" expounded the theological basis of the Virgin Mary as the protector of all pets; And grant Amnesty to believers who make pilgrimages to the Palace of Notre Dame in Ephesus, Turkey; 19 17, and a decree was issued to establish the day of Notre Dame Luther. The Pope once praised the Rose Sutra as "The Rose Sutra is the most wonderful and gracious scripture, and at the same time it can touch the kindness of the Virgin Mary! If you want family peace and happiness, you should read the rosary every day. "