What is the civilization in Italy?

The research on the history of early Rome and Roman Empire has become a great sight, but the research on the civilization and residents of Apennine Peninsula in pre-Roman period is almost blank. However, the residents of Apennine in pre-Roman times were inextricably linked with the rise of Roman civilization. Without the foundation of pre-Latin civilization research, it is impossible to deeply study Roman civilization. The author is neither humble nor supercilious, and would like to introduce jade by this article.

In Li Wei's History of Rome (page 19-29) and Allen's History of Rome (page 27-28), it is said that after the fall of Troy, Ignace fled Asia and went to the coast of Troy on the Apennine Peninsula to meet the local indigenous king Latinas? Funas' daughter lavinia got married and later inherited Funas' land. In memory of her father-in-law, he named the local residents Latin. It has been handed down from him for fourteen generations, that is, Romulus, the builder of Rome. Whether this legendary record is historical or mythical has not yet been determined, but the ancestors of the Romans did have the blood of Xiaoya and aborigines.

So far, the first evidence of human life in Apennine Peninsula was found in Otranto. It can be traced back to the early Paleolithic period. At that time, the residents of Apennine lived in caves, surrounded by huge thick-skinned animals (elephants, rhinoceroses and hippos); Later, these pachyderms gradually disappeared in Europe. Almost the entire peninsula has the remains of the early Paleolithic period (no remains were found at the end of each island). The skull of Sacopasto found near Rome, a kind of "primitive man" or Neanderthal skull, belongs to this period, which is far from modern Homo sapiens and very similar to apes. However, advanced humans appeared in this period, and the Olmo skulls found in arezzo belong to this category.

The remains of the late Paleolithic are distributed in the peninsula (north, middle and south) and three areas of the archipelago: the Otranto area (Romanelli Cave) and the westernmost part of Liguria, where we found stone tools, bone implements and traces of rough carving for the dead. Almost no pottery was found. Gerry Madi belongs to the black race (black); In addition to the above-mentioned races, we also found advanced chimeras of the same period, that is, the Kroma peasant (the ancients) and the Maiera race, one of the pre-Mediterranean races.

The subsequent Neolithic Age (or Grinding Stone Age) made great progress in the whole peninsula and island. In the early Neolithic period, nomadic and pottery-making began. Some people think that nomadism and pottery making were introduced by foreign invaders, while others think that despite the external influence, this is caused by the gradual progress of the local area for many years. We also found different races, some with longer skulls and some with shorter skulls. Ligurian people-one of the ancient peoples of Apennine Peninsula mentioned in history books-may belong to Neolithic culture; Different from the historical period, this nation is distributed in a large area of Italy; Sicuri, a late Sicilian resident, or (according to others) Elmi, the oldest Sicilian resident, may be similar to Liguria. This Ligurian probably belongs to the so-called Mediterranean race. Some people tend to think that Ligurians are more recent people, bronze age people, and may speak Indo-European.

Pure Neolithic remains are extremely rare on the peninsula; There are bronzes left during the excavation of stone tools on the ground, so there is a saying of the end of Neolithic Age. (or as some people like to call it the New Bronze Age today). During this period, stone tools, bronzes and bone-making industries appeared, and pottery was decorated with colored paintings, which can be said to have sprouted an artistic tendency. Religious sacrifices are more developed. The remains of this period have been unearthed in the whole peninsula and the three major islands. In Puglia, there are very distinctive prehistoric Japanese stone remains, namely stone chambers and tombs (horizontal and vertical stone strips used as shrines). In Sardinia, flat-topped conical buildings were built with stones, which lasted until the Bronze Age and historical period. The hut replaced the cave. Set them as linings. Surrounded by stone walls and deep ditches. The family of the tomb is very close. Business contacts have become increasingly frequent, and mining activities have begun. Pay attention to decoration and plastic arts. Many people think that there were the first Aryan immigrants in this period, or primitive Apennines, West Coles and Latins may belong to these people.

At the end of the Neolithic Age, thatched huts built on lakes or terraced fields along lakes appeared in the northern part of the peninsula, with fences around them. The hut on the lake lasted until the bronze age; In this era, mud-coated grass houses appeared on the marshland far away from the water, and their importance was immeasurable. The latter is deeper than the former, but it greatly spans the previous step. The houses are large in scope and arranged regularly, forming the embryonic form of the city. Residents who live in grass houses and mud houses by the lake are engaged in agricultural planting and firing new pottery. At least the latter is cremation and burial, not burial like the previous residents.

For a long time, people thought that the residents of huts on the lake and mud huts on the land represented the first core (pioneers) of ancient Italian immigrants. They abandoned the Indo-European primitive groups, crossed the northern Alps into the Apennines, and advanced from Lombardy and northern Emilia to the Strait. Today, this view has been abandoned, because a series of Indo-Europeans are also ancient Italian aborigines (the bronze age at the end of the Neolithic Age and two thousand years before the public field), and their footprints are all over the peninsula: westward, there are more ancient non-Indo-Europeans (Etruscans) near the hillside of tyrrhenian sea; To the east, in Lazio, there are Indo-Europeans in ancient Italy, that is, Latin people (original Latin) similar to Sicuri islanders; On the hillside in the southeast, which is now Puglia, there are other Indo-Europeans who are not Italians-Mesabi-who come from the other side of the Adriatic Sea (from Illyria). In the northwest of mainland Italy, there is the oldest Linerians among the ancient Italians. They are not Indo-Europeans, and their footprints are even as far as the coast of Provence. In the northeast, there are other Indo-European Veneto people who live directly in the Estra Peninsula. It can be inferred that the migration of the first batch of ancient Italian peoples was not from north to south, but from east to west, mainly from the other side of the Adriatic Sea (Istrad). Today, this view has been generally accepted, but it does not rule out (I think so) that some immigrants may also come to the north. In fact, another view that has been widely accepted recently is that the idea of one-time influx of Cheng people may not work, so it is better to adopt the idea of multiple, simultaneous or round-trip immigration. However, this view should not force people (as some people intend to do) to think that immigration is what we call the simple "infiltration" of indigenous immigrants. It is an indisputable fact that Indo-European immigrants entered Italy in two phases. The original Latin immigrants or Latin-Sicuri people are the oldest representatives of immigrants. The existence of indigenous people. There are obvious differences between Latin and ancient Italian in language and race from beginning to end. This fact is enough to prove the above point.

The difference between Etruscans and Latins and ancient Italians is more obvious. The former and the latter have no similarities that we find between Latin people and ancient Italians, although they are mainly different in language and civilization.

Since ancient times, there have been three explanations for the Etruscan's "mystery"-first, because we can't decipher their language, and it is definitely not Indo-European. The first explanation: Etruscans belong to residents from Asia Minor, especially from Lydia. This explanation has been popular for a long time. This argument is mainly based on a famous inscription by Limnos, whose writing characteristics are similar to those of Serus.

The second explanation: Etruscans come from the northern Alps and represent the residents of grass houses and mud houses on the lake. As the vanguard, they were trapped in the first occupied positions.

The third explanation: aborigines (in terms of their village significance). Now, I think the latter explanation is more influential and will definitely win, because it completely separates the first stage from the second stage. The first stage is the primitive isolation stage, which we can call-according to the ancient customary name-the first lenient stage; The second stage is the veritable Serus stage, when the aborigines have made great progress and have relations with other races, even ethnic groups outside the peninsula. After that, they expanded greatly by land and sea, forming what people used to call the Etruscan Empire. This word is not exact, because there has never been a unified Etruscan country, even in its extremely loose confederacy form; Etruscans are just a group that insists on their own characteristics.

After the Bronze Age, it was the Iron Age. On the Apennine Peninsula, the relics representing this era are widely distributed from Piedmont to Puglia. The so-called villanova civilization site (near Togna, where the graves of generations of women have been excavated) is particularly important. Iron Age discoveries have also been made in Emilia, Tuscany and umbria. This era is divided into four stages, from the ninth century BC to the end of the sixth century BC. In this way, we have completely entered the historical period. Villanova in the Iron Age and other northern tribal civilizations were all embodied in cremation. On the contrary, other tribes south of Piceno practice burial. In the west of Apennine, villanova civilization spread to Lazio on the north bank of the Tiber River, and on the south bank of the river, we found another type of iron civilization, called Lazio, which is characterized by cremation in advance and then cremation mixture. The tombs excavated on the hills of palatino, Esculeno and Quillinale in Rome and the ruins of Rome Square belong to this Lazio civilization.

Around the eighth century BC, the Greek Harki Tiki established Nassau in Sicily, and the Corinthians built the ancient city of Dinsura, so they began to colonize Greece in Sicily. The city of Catania was founded in Nassau. Soon after the establishment of Syracuse, it may break ground near present-day Naples to build the city of Kumai. Later, Jiumai built Dingzan Ordering City (Jimo A Xin). In the second half of the eighth century BC, the colonization of the southeast coast of the peninsula began, during which cities such as Metafontum, barris, Crotone and Roxby were built. According to legend, taranto seems to have been built in 708 BC. Others believe that the city was formed in the early days of Greek colonization and was built by Sparta. In the second half of the seventh century BC, the city of Selinus appeared in Sicily. In the sixth century BC, there was the city of Agrichento; In the second half of the 6th century BC, Pozzoli and Naples, or "New Town", appeared in the Bay of Naples (so called because it is close to the "Old Town" and "Palepoli", the latter may be Paternault.

Finich quickly followed in the footsteps of the Greeks. In the 7th century BC, anti-Nikki people roamed Malta. Barnomo (Palermo) and Souranto in Sicily originated from Finich. In the 6th century BC, the west coast of Sicily belonged to the Carthaginians who settled in Africa. The colonial city of Finiqi in Sardinia is the oldest (8th century BC): Kalaris (Cagliari) on the south coast and talos on the west coast were built by Finiqi people. In the 6th century BC, we could say Carthaginians or Carthaginians, but we didn't collectively refer to them as Phoenicians.

In this way, we can roughly describe the distribution map of Italian species around 650 BC. In the northwest of Italy (today's Piedmont, Liguria, until the west of Tuscany on the Arno River), Ligurian people live. In Venice, there are Venetians belonging to Illyria. From the north of the Po River to the Arno River, the Ombri people live between the Ligurian and Veneto people. Edaru people are active in the area from Arno River to Tiber River; To the east and south of the Tiber River, the Ombri people (all the way to the Adriatic intestine), Sabin people and Latin people live and multiply there. The inhabitants of Sawapenning Mountain in Abulu are composed of Saberi (Saberi is an ancient Italian name), among which several Samoans are the most outstanding. Old Italian is mainly divided into two branches; Tuscan and umbrian languages. From the south of Tiaozio to the southernmost tip of the peninsula, there are Oskan-Saberi, Wolsey, Lianglongqi, Campani, Lucania and Bruzzi. In Puglia, there is another Illyrian, the Apegi. Greek colonists settled on the southern coast of Italy and occupied most of Sicily. However, the western part of Sicily is dominated by frightened people (later frontier Daki people), while Sicuri and Xikan people stick to the central part. Greek civilization and Serus civilization are dominant, and we have also found more developed political forms in Greek cities and Etruscan cities. We believe that most Serus civilizations originated from Greek civilization. Nevertheless, there are some pure elements of ancient Italian civilization, and the giant sculpture of "Capistrano Warrior" is its typical representative. The bronze watch of ancient Weilong (3rd century BC-2nd century BC) with religious etiquette features is an important cultural relic. The civilizations of West Celio and Italy's Oti (the names of Greek descendants who settled in Sicily and southern Italy or Great Greece) are almost the same as those of Greece. Its basic form is still the city; Even if a broader country is formed, it is still a collection of cities. Cities in Italy and West Celio (also Italian cities) seem to have no kings in power. At that time, the ancient Italians used the general term Medici (local chief executive) to address all heads of government. Until the middle of the sixth century BC, the land nobles held power; Later, the rich and powerful nobles competed with them and competed with each other. The political status of these classes varies from city to city (in Crotone, the land aristocracy is dominant; In Paris, businessmen dominate); This led to disputes between cities and became a basic feature of the history of Great Greece. The opposition between barris and Crotone is particularly famous. After the period of aristocratic hegemony, the confrontation between nobles and civilians became a common phenomenon, and civilians strived to achieve equality before the law (thus attributing legislation to three legendary figures: Zaliukukus of Loki, Chalondas of Catania and Dioclesianos of Syracuse) and participated in the political power. Just as in Greece, the confrontation with the nobility contributed to the emergence of "tyrants."

Around the fifth century BC. "Tyrants" are rampant in Xili's city (it is said that Flaris in Agrichento is notorious for burning red bronze cows). In southern Italy, there is no room for the development of "tyrant" politics, which was attributed to the Pythagorean order with its founder, mentor and philosopher Pythagoras as the idol in Metapontum clotho at the end of the sixth century.

Great Greece is the birthplace of prosperous culture. As mentioned earlier, Pythagoras lived in Crotone in 530 BC. Other Greek philosophers came to Italy, such as Xenophon and parmenides. Later, seven philosophers of their own were born in the land of Greece and Italy; In the fifth century before Gong, Espe Dochris of Agrichento put forward the theory of "four elements", and he was also a doctor and naturalist (Crotone medicine was quite developed at that time); At the turn of the century, Ilya Munro continued the Ilya School. This school thinks that thought is static (change is the blindness of feeling) and existence is unique, while Philolaus in True Luotong inherits Pythagoras' theory, and he understands the world as the floorboard of an arithmetic relationship. Religious movement did not originate in Great Greece, but orpheus, full of mysterious spiritualism, was very popular there, aiming at saving human soul from the cycle of body and soul. There are many kinds of local literary creation activities. The lyric poet Stacy Corros (6th century BC), a Cicero, sang about Aeneas' journey from Troy to Italy. In the first half of the 5th century BC, Epimus Gallahy of Bria wrote Dorian's comedy. In the second half of the year, Sovoronius of Suragu published a farce that reproduced the life of Sicilian civilians and peasants. Gorgas of Leontini, a rhetorical master in the same century, was also sicilian. He combined rhetoric with the so-called philosophy of exhaustion, and is worthy of being an extraordinary sophist. Protagoras, a contemporary of Gorgas, lived in Tully near Gobalis.

Art is a religious architectural art in Sicily, with colorful flowers. At the end of the seventh century BC and the sixth century BC, the first batch of crude temple scripts appeared in Selinus, Agrichento and Syracuse. In the 6th century BC, there were large Taolik temple buildings in Daxing. These buildings were also found in Great Greece, taranto and portos (or Gum, Paes). With the prosperity of the construction industry, sculpture and decoration came into being, especially the stall decoration of Selinus. In the fifth century BC, architecture and sculpture continued to develop, especially in the second half, marking the transition from nostalgia to classicism (Demetria of Peranto). At the end of 5th century BC, Crotone produced the great painter Drexel. Decorative paintings of pottery are very popular, and arts and crafts are widely used in pottery utensils. The artistic decoration of currency, especially in Sicily, has high aesthetic value.

In this way, southern Italy and Sicily occupied a large part of Greek civilization. The main point of Greek civilization lies in the independent and highly developed spiritual world. It deeply studies and discusses spiritual interests and ideals, political system types, art and scientific methods, rational speculation, unbiased scientific research, a country as a citizen activity, and the worship of beauty, so as to achieve a highly perfect and harmonious development of body and spirit. All these are precious treasures of civilization.

The towns in Etruscan surrounded by city walls are also the basic core of collective life. We don't know to what extent villanova culture has developed, and we don't know to what extent it has been influenced by Greek cities. In the etude city, the elected king is in power, either for a term or for life; Members of the aristocratic class are called Lugumoni (Etruscans, meaning leaders and princes). There is a budding tribal clan organization: Mantova has three clans, and each clan is divided into four branches. Its federal tendency is stronger than that of Great Greece and Li Youxi. Until the Roman conquest, Etruscan maintained the federal system of twelve cities in history; The twelve cities mentioned are just general remarks, which may not be in line with reality. There is no need to exaggerate the firmness of its connection. Moreover, religious factors outweigh political factors: every city not only maintains complete internal autonomy and external political independence, but also has the right to declare war and conclude agreements. However, in the city of Serus, the consciousness of maintaining the unity of primitive families is quite clear. The first original temple scripts appeared in Richento and Syracuse. In the 6th century BC, there were large Taoli Temple buildings in Daxing. These buildings were also found in Great Greece, taranto and Bohemia (or Gum in Paes). With the prosperity of the construction industry, carving decoration came into being, and Selinus's stall decoration was particularly famous. In the fifth century BC, architecture and sculpture continued to develop, especially in the second half, marking the transition from nostalgia to classicism (Demetria of Peranto). At the end of 5th century BC, Crotone produced the great painter Drexel. Decorative paintings of pottery are very popular, and arts and crafts are widely used in pottery utensils. The artistic decoration of currency, especially in Sicily, has high aesthetic value. In this way, southern Italy and Sicily occupied a large part of Greek civilization. The main feature of Greek civilization lies in the independent and highly developed spiritual world. It deeply studies and discusses spiritual interests and ideals, political system types, art and scientific methods, rational speculation, unbiased scientific research, a country as a citizen activity, and the worship of beauty, so as to achieve a highly perfect and harmonious development of body and spirit. All these are precious treasures of civilization.

The towns in Etruscan surrounded by city walls are also the basic core of collective life. We don't know to what extent villanova culture has developed, and we don't know to what extent it has been influenced by Greek cities. In the etude city, the elected king is in power, either for a term or for life; Members of the aristocratic class are called Lugumoni (Etruscan, meaning leader, prince-translator). There is a budding tribal clan organization: Mantova has three clans, and each clan is divided into four branches. Its federal tendency is stronger than that of Great Greece and Li Youxi. Until the Roman conquest, Etruscan maintained the federal system of twelve cities in history. The twelve cities mentioned are just generalities, which may not be in line with reality. There is no need to exaggerate the firmness of its connection. Moreover, religious factors outweigh political factors: every city not only maintains complete internal autonomy and external political independence, but also has the right to declare war and conclude agreements. However, in the city of Serus, the consciousness of maintaining the unity of primitive families is quite clear.

Since the 7th century BC, the civilization of Serus reached its peak, most of which originated in Greece. It is believed that its civilization only made some external technical changes under the influence of Greek civilization, and its spiritual essence remained intact. A large number of inscriptions show that Serus' writing is still a mystery. Serus' life is concentrated on the social life of a noble and a rich man, which is fully proved by the statues, reliefs, rich artistic products (mostly from the East) and murals unearthed in ancient tombs. At that time, although the mural technique was still Greek, the description of Yin Wen scene was in line with Hugh Ruth's upper-class life and his beliefs. The religion in Cyrus is different from that in Greece. Its idol is the devil, who looks terrible and disgusting, and especially likes to sacrifice the liver to bring bad luck, which is very similar to the prophecy of the ancient East. The civilization of Serus is first embodied in architecture (the use of arches) and public works (roads and drains).

In the 7th century BC, Eidaros's commerce developed by leaps and bounds, and its prosperity led to the occupation and colonial occupation of the city. In the south, the Therus first settled in Lazio (in Aldea, Ranuvio, anzio, Velletri, Chilchee); Later pointing to Campania, Kapuya was built in 650 BC to 600 BC. In the western Mediterranean, he formed an alliance with Britain and Thailand and set foot in Corsica. Go north, capture Felsina (later Polonia City), and then colonize the entire Po Plain. The expansion of the colony to the north was about a century later than that to the south. Besides Felsina, Mantova and Melpon (Maddy Ollanu) in northern Italy were indeed built by Etruscans. The Federation has also had twelve cities, and there is no conclusion yet; It is doubtful whether Campania has ever had it.

Rome was originally a colony of the nomadic Albalonga. It is located in the hills of palatino, and its initial age is similar to the legend of "the foundation of Rome" (754 BC). Perhaps Sabine people built another house on the Quilina River opposite palatino, and the two became one. Latin people began to build houses in palatino a long time ago, resulting in the villages of Chelmaloussai, Pareto Alining and Veglia. These three villages were later merged with the seven hills between Fagutar Lining, Chispius Lining, Mianpius Village and Quelkuigu Al Village (so as not to be confused with the later seven hills). The so-called state system of kings of past dynasties-the Senate composed of 300 elders, 20 administrative regions and 3 tribes-is out of date; At least most of the so-called external expropriation in the early stage should also be considered absurd.

Nevertheless, the following situation should be regarded as true: in the Latin sacred alliance of Jupiter Temple on Mount Cavo, Turiuu Hosty, the third king of Rome, destroyed Albalonga and replaced it. Myth also attributed the establishment of the main religious system to the second king Numa Pompilius, whose legend is as well known as romulo, the founder of Rome.

After the establishment of the Seven Churches League in Rome, it merged with Quillinale and Viminale of Sabin, and Campidolio built the Acropolis, which became the religious center of the expanded federation. However, many people think that the Seven Mountains Federation would not exist without Campidoglio's participation. In the second half of the 6th century BC, the Etruscans formed an alliance with the bloodstained people, launched the first naval battle in Italian history, and defeated the Greeks from Fuxia (now Gongzu) in Alemia, Corsica (540 BC)? ), Mr. Cyrus's career seems to be impregnable. The life span of these cities is actually extremely short, because they are only carried out by towels in a single city or mercenaries in some cities, lacking mutual cooperation. ) In about 525 BC, the Greeks from Kumai created the Etruscans; In 506 BC, the Kumai helped the Latin to defeat the Etruscans in Alicia, which marked the end of Serus' rule in Piczio. At the beginning of the 5th century BC, the ancient Syracuse marched northward under the rule of the tyrant Helen. Undoubtedly, it dealt a heavy blow to Eddystedt and his allies' ambition to welcome Dajizu. They occupied the whole east coast of the island and completely defeated Ying Ji's army in Simera (about 480 BC). His brother hiram succeeded in seeking the throne in 478 BC, pushed the battle with the Etta to the peninsula, and defeated his fleet near Kumai (474 BC). From then on, Serus' sea power began to decline.

However, the Greeks did not seize the favorable opportunity of Serus' decline to consolidate and develop their rule in southern Italy. Just as they were trying to settle old scores with the Carthaginians and solve the indigenous rebellion, they had different opinions and held their own opinions. Disputes between neighboring Greek cities hurt barris. barris was built by Crotone in 7 10 BC and was destroyed by fire. After the death of Hilong (466 BC), the democratic revolution broke out in Syracuse, which led to the cities in Sicily getting rid of the shackles of Syracuse and regaining their independence. The revolution also spread to southern Italy. In 460 BC, the aristocratic government of Pythagoras was overthrown in Crotone and Metaponto. Even after the democratic revolution, Syracuse continued to advance its actions in Italian waters, invading the island of Elba, the coast of Tuscany and Corsica in about 452 BC. But in Sicily, Syracuse had to deal well with Sicuri's request to get rid of Greek rule and tried to establish his own kingdom ruled by Duke Titus, but this attempt ended in failure (460-440 BC).

In mainland Italy, Lucania, an ancient Italian, was much luckier than Sicuri. In the middle of the 5th century BC, they established a confederacy system, occupying about eight square kilometers of territory and becoming the most vast country in southern Italy. In the 5th century BC, the expansion of Sabelli tribes posed a more serious threat to Greek culture. Saberi people, Shan Ye people, are bellicose. Until the Roman occupation, they maintained a backward state of political and social organization in Sabin, Sasa and Austria, that is, they took the form of natural villages. During the period of Augustus, they still maintained this organizational form in some areas of Central Asia. Sabelli people rushed out of their highlands and headed for Lazio and Campania Plain, heading for the valley of Lilly. Drive the Ombri people out of the Adriatic coast, immerse them in Puglia, and leave the Apegi people with no place to stand. As a counterattack, yuppies aimed at the Greek invasion of Tarandza and defeated it (473 BC or 47 BC1year). In the second half of the 5th century before 6th century BC, Saberi and Lucania put heavy pressure on the Greeks. Saberi captured Lipiya in 438 BC (according to historical records, it was 424 BC), and occupied Kumai in 42I BC to establish Campania, or Oskan.

Around 444 BC, Athens established the city of Tully to replace Paris, and sent a large number of colonial immigrants to Naples. The activities carried out by Athens in Italy in the second half of the fifth century BC did not help the revival of Greek civilization. The expansion of Athens to Dorian Syracuse led to the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. From 4 15 BC to 4 13 BC, Athens' mighty expedition ended in fiasco. Carthage used the decline of the Greeks to expand in Sicily. Sekonus was captured in 409 BC, and Ayurychento was captured in 405 BC. In 405 BC, under the leadership of Dionysus the Great, Syracuse rebelled and became the tyrant of the city. He launched many wars against the Gyongtaiji people. Because he was busy conquering Sicily and trying to expand into Italy, he couldn't fight to the end.

In Italy, Greek cities formed an alliance against Lucania, but they couldn't stop it: in 400 BC, Poseidonius fell into their hands. Dionysus the Great not only did not support the Greeks, but also made an alliance with Lucania, and in El Polo (or Stilla? ) defeated the Greeks (389 BC). Jian 'an Kona city, in order to dominate the northern Adriatic Sea, set up settlements in the Adriatic Sea and Issa; Allies with Gauls (as described in the chapter of Factories), establishes relations with Veneto, and expeditions to Tuscany coast and Corsili in an attempt to rule tyrrhenian sea. This grandiose policy exhausted the vitality of Syracuse and made it unable to drive the Biantaiji people out of Sicily. A new war not only failed to drive out the Intaiji people, but even handed over the whole western Sicily to the Carthaginians all the way to platani (382 BC). Later, Dionysus the Great resumed the Great Greek War and captured Crotone (379 BC). Then it went to war with Carthage, but the outcome was undecided. After the death of old Dionysus (367 BC), his son Dionysus Jr. succeeded to the throne, but he was unable to control the situation, and Syracuse fell into long-term chaos. In 343 BC, Timothy intervened and restored the free government, thus ending the chaos. Teemo Lyon defeated the frontier Taiji in Cremi, and then liberated Cicero's heavenly city from the tyrant and his allies.

At the same time, the ancient Italian residents continued to expand into southern Italy: around 350 BC, the Bruzzi formed an alliance, and the federal capital was located in cosenza, and the Greek territory gradually shrank. In the second half of the 4th century BC, taranto repeatedly called for the leaders of the Greek motherland to be sent to Italy [Akida Muswangxi, King of Sparta, Alexander Moroso, King of Epirus, and Nemo, King of Sparta], but these leaders were indifferent. In Rome, the decline of the imperial era (the traditional date is 5 10 BC) and the end of Serus' rule in Lazio happened at the same time, which may be related. However, the legend of Persena shows that Serus still dominated Rome in the early Republic of China. * * * In the first stage of the country, Rome seemed to be weakened and isolated from the cultural development of the peninsula: the influence of Greece almost disappeared in the fifth century BC.